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When do states choose to adopt a penitent stance towards the past? When do they choose to offer apologies for historical misdeeds, offer compensation for their victims and incorporate the darker sides of history into their textbooks, public monuments and museums? When do they choose not to do so? And what are the political consequences of how states portray the past? This book pursues these questions by examining how governments in post-1945 Austria, Germany and Japan have wrestled with the difficult legacy of the Second World War and the impact of their policies on regional politics in Europe and Asia. The book argues that states can reconcile over historical issues, but to do so requires greater political will and imposes greater costs than is commonly realized. At the same time, in an increasingly interdependent world, failure to do so can have a profoundly disruptive effect on regional relations and feed dangerous geopolitical tensions.
WAR VICTIMS -- 323.29 --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Restitution --- Reparations for historical injustices --- Cultural property --- Guilt --- War victims. --- Victims of war --- Victims --- Emotions --- Ethics --- Conscience --- Shame --- Cultural heritage --- Cultural patrimony --- Cultural resources --- Heritage property --- National heritage --- National patrimony --- National treasure --- Patrimony, Cultural --- Treasure, National --- Property --- World Heritage areas --- Redress for historical injustices --- Reparation for historical injustices --- Reparations --- Reparations for past injustices --- Restitution for historical injustices --- Indemnity --- Social justice --- Replevin --- Unjust enrichment --- Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- Reparations. --- Historiography. --- Repatriation --- Confiscations and contributions --- Political aspects. --- Psychological aspects. --- Psychological aspects --- Law and legislation --- Diplomatic history --- Economic aspects --- Social Sciences --- Political Science
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Japan --- Japon --- Foreign relations --- Relations extérieures --- Relations extérieures --- Japan - Foreign relations - 1989 --- -Japan --- -Japan - Foreign relations - 1989
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Since the end of World War II, Germany and Japan have been the most reluctant of all major U.S. allies to take on military responsibilities. Given their histories, this reluctance certainly is understandable. But because of their size and economic importance, Germany and Japan are the most important U.S. allies in Europe and in East Asia, respectively, and their long-term reluctance to share the defense burden has become a perennial source of frustration for Washington. The potential security roles of Germany and Japan are becoming increasingly important given the uncertainty, indeed volatility, of today's international environment. Under President Trump, friction among allies over burden-sharing is more intense than ever before. Meanwhile, the security environments in Europe and Asia have deteriorated because of the resurgence of a belligerent Russia under Vladimir Putin, the steady rise of an increasingly assertive China, and North Korea's worrisome acquisition of nuclear weapons. Partly in response to these developments, Germany and Japan in recent years have boosted their security efforts, mainly by increasing defense spending and taking on a somewhat broader range of military missions. Even so, because of their cultures of anti-militarism resistance remains strong in both countries to rebuilding the military and assuming more responsibility for sustaining regional or even global peace. In this book, a team of noted international experts critically examines how and why Germany and Japan have modified their military postures since 1990 so far, and assesses how far the countries still have to go - and why. The contributors also highlight the risks the United States takes if it makes too simplistic a demand for the two countries to 'do more'.
GERMANY--MILITARY RELATIONS--USA --- USA--MILITARY RELATIONS--GERMANY --- JAPAN--MILITARY RELATIONS--USA --- USA--MILITARY RELATIONS--JAPAN --- GERMANY--MILITARY POLICY --- JAPAN--MILITARY POLICY --- Polemology --- Germany --- Japan --- United States --- United States of America
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