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Comparative government. --- Political sociology. --- Public goods. --- Social change.

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Lavishly illustrated with exotic images ranging from Renoir's forgotten Algerian oeuvre to the abstract vision of Matisse's Morocco and beyond, this book is the first history of Orientalist art during the period of high modernism. Roger Benjamin, drawing on a decade of research in untapped archives, introduces many unfamiliar paintings, posters, miniatures, and panoramas and discovers an art movement closely bound to French colonial expansion. Orientalist Aesthetics approaches the visual culture of exoticism by ranging across the decorative arts, colonial museums, traveling scholarships, and art criticism in the Salons of Paris and Algiers. Benjamin's rediscovery of the important Society of French Orientalist Painters provides a critical context for understanding a lush body of work, including that of indigenous Algerian artists never before discussed in English. The painter-critic Eugène Fromentin tackled the unfamiliar atmospheric conditions of the desert, Etienne Dinet sought a more truthful mode of ethnographic painting by converting to Islam, and Mohammed Racim melded the Persian miniature with Western perspective. Benjamin considers armchair Orientalists concocting dreams from studio bric-à-brac, naturalists who spent years living in the oases of the Sahara, and Fauve and Cubist travelers who transposed the discoveries of the Parisian Salons to create decors of indigenous figures and tropical plants. The network that linked these artists with writers and museum curators was influenced by a complex web of tourism, rapid travel across the Mediterranean, and the march of modernity into a colonized culture. Orientalist Aesthetics shows how colonial policy affected aesthetics, how Europeans visualized cultural difference, and how indigenous artists in turn manipulated Western visual languages.

Orientalism in art --- Painting, French --- Vivelapeinture (Group of artists) --- Ziniars (Group of artists) --- Painting, Modern --- Africa, North --- Barbary States --- Maghreb --- Maghrib --- North Africa

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War --- Religions

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L'esprit est produit d'une part par le cerveau, d'autre part par les balbutiements de l'Homo habilis, devenant progressivement un véritable langage, par l'organisation du travail au sein d'un groupe comprenant davantage de membres et dont les modes de vie se diversifient. À partir de l'apparition de l'Homo sapiens il y a simultanéité de l'activité cérébrale et de l'esprit que l'auteur définit de la manière suivante : l'Esprit, c'est la réalité qui exprime la dynamique du cerveau, en tant qu'il est en relation avec un environnement physique et social, c'est-à-dire avec les choses et les êtres humains. C'est en partant de cette définition qu'il propose celle qui concerne les principales instances du psychisme humain : la conscience et la conscience de soi, la pensée, l'intelligence et la raison, l'intuition et l'imagination, la réflexion, la volonté et l'amour, l'âme.

Philosophy of mind --- Logos (Philosophy) --- Reason

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Philosophical anthropology