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Geosphere-Biosphere Interactions and Climate brings together many of the world's leading environmental scientists to discuss the interaction between the geosphere/biosphere and climate. The volume was first published in 2002 and arises from a working group of the prestigious Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. The chapters give an excellent summary of the understanding of the climate and environment by understanding Earth's past, human influence on the climate, a description of climate and its relation to the Earth's surface, ocean, and atmosphere, and future predictions of climate variability. This volume will be invaluable for researchers and graduate students in climate studies who wish to gain a multidisciplinary perspective of our current understanding of the interaction between the geosphere/biosphere and climate.

Climatology --- Nature --- Biogeochemical cycles --- Effect of human beings on

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Agrotechnology and Food Sciences. Agricultural Engineering --- Farm Buildings and Installations.

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ESA’s Venus Express Mission has monitored Venus since April 2006, and scientists worldwide have used mathematical models to investigate its atmosphere and model its circulation. This book summarizes recent work to explore and understand the climate of the planet through a research program under the auspices of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. Some of the unique elements that are discussed are the anomalies with Venus’ surface temperature (the huge greenhouse effect causes the surface to rise to 460°C, without which would plummet as low as -40°C), its unusual lack of solar radiation (despite being closer to the Sun, Venus receives less solar radiation than Earth due to its dense cloud cover reflecting 76% back) and the juxtaposition of its atmosphere and planetary rotation (wind speeds can climb up to 200 m/s, much faster than Venus’ sidereal day of 243 Earth-days).

Venus (Planet) -- Atmosphere. --- Venus (Planet) -- Meteorology. --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics --- Climatology. --- Atmospheric physics. --- Extrasolar planets. --- Venus (Planet) --- Atmosphere. --- Exo-planets --- Exoplanets --- Extra-solar planets --- Aerophysics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Physical meteorology --- Climate --- Climate science --- Science of climate --- Physics. --- Planetology. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Space sciences. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Observations. --- Planets --- Stars with planets --- Geophysics --- Meteorology --- Meteorology, Physical --- Atmospheric science --- Climate sciences --- Astrophysics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Meteorology. --- Simulation methods. --- Mathematical models. --- Solar system. --- Planetary science. --- Space Physics. --- Planetary Science.

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ESA’s Venus Express Mission has monitored Venus since April 2006, and scientists worldwide have used mathematical models to investigate its atmosphere and model its circulation. This book summarizes recent work to explore and understand the climate of the planet through a research program under the auspices of the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. Some of the unique elements that are discussed are the anomalies with Venus’ surface temperature (the huge greenhouse effect causes the surface to rise to 460°C, without which would plummet as low as -40°C), its unusual lack of solar radiation (despite being closer to the Sun, Venus receives less solar radiation than Earth due to its dense cloud cover reflecting 76% back) and the juxtaposition of its atmosphere and planetary rotation (wind speeds can climb up to 200 m/s, much faster than Venus’ sidereal day of 243 Earth-days).

Space research --- Solar system --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy --- Physics --- zonnestelsel --- astrofysica --- fysica --- planeten --- ruimtevaart --- astronomie --- Vénus (planète) --- Climatologie des planètes --- Atmosphère. --- Modèles mathématiques. --- Simulation, Méthodes de. --- Venus (Planet) --- Atmosphere. --- Meteorology. --- Climate --- Simulation methods. --- Mathematical models.

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This book gives a comprehensive presentation of our present understanding of the Earth's Hydrological cycle and the problems, consequences and impacts that go with this topic. Water is a central component in the Earth's system. It is indispensable for life on Earth in its present form and influences virtually every aspect of our planet's life support system. On relatively short time scales, atmospheric water vapor interacts with the atmospheric circulation and is crucial in forming the Earth's climate zones. Water vapor is the most powerful of the greenhouse gases and serves to enhance the tropospheric temperature. The dominant part of available water on Earth resides in the oceans. Parts are locked up in the land ice on Greenland and Antarctica and a smaller part is estimated to exist as groundwater. If all the ice over the land and all the glaciers were to melt, the sea level would rise by some 80 m. In comparison, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is small; it amounts to ~ 25 kg/m2, or the equivalent of 25 mm water for each column of air. Yet atmospheric water vapor is crucial for the Earth’s energy balance. The book gives an up to date presentation of the present knowledge. Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 35, No. 3, 2014.

Hydrosphere --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- milieukunde --- gletsjers --- milieu --- geografie --- grondwater --- oceanografie --- atmosfeer --- klimaatverandering --- Greenland