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Rather than being an isolated, primitive body of knowledge the Jewish calendar tradition of 364 days constituted an integral part of the astronomical science of the ancient world. This tradition—attested in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Pseudepigrapha—stands out as a coherent, novel synthesis, representing the Jewish authors’ apocalyptic worldview. The calendar is studied here both “from within”—analyzing its textual manifestations —and “from without”—via a comparison with ancient Mesopotamian astronomy. This analysis reveals that the calendrical realm constituted a significant case of inter-cultural borrowing, pertinent to similar such cases in ancient literature. Special attention is given to the “Book of Astronomy” (1 Enoch 72-82) and a variety of calendrical and liturgical texts from Qumran.

Calendar, Jewish --- Jewish astronomy. --- Apocryphal books (Old Testament) --- 229*319 --- 229*209 --- 229*209 I Henoch (Ethiopische Henoch) --- I Henoch (Ethiopische Henoch) --- 229*319 Qumran en het jodendom --- Qumran en het jodendom --- Astronomy, Jewish --- Hebrew astronomy --- Astronomy --- Calendar, Hebrew --- Hebrew calendar --- Calendar --- Jewish chronology --- History. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- History and criticism --- Dead Sea scrolls. --- Ethiopic book of Enoch --- Book of Enoch, Ethiopic --- Enoch, Ethiopic Book of --- Book of the Ethiopic Enoch --- Äthiopischer Henoch --- Buch Henoch --- Bible. --- 1 Enoch (Apocryphal book) --- First Enoch (Apocryphal book) --- 1st Enoch (Apocryphal book) --- Jerusalem scrolls --- ʻAin Fashka scrolls --- Jericho scrolls --- Scrolls, Dead Sea --- Qumrân scrolls --- Rękopisy z Qumran --- Shikai bunsho --- Megilot Midbar Yehudah --- Dodezee-rollen --- Kumránské rukopisy --- Documentos de Qumrán --- Textos de Qumrán --- Rollos del Mar Muerto --- Manuscritos del Mar Muerto --- Manuscrits de la mer Morte --- Dödahavsrullarna --- Kumranin kirjoitukset --- Kuolleenmeren kirjoitukset --- Qumranhandskrifterna --- Qumranin kirjoitukset --- Qumran Caves scrolls --- Jewish calendar --- Calendrier juif --- Astronomie juive --- Apocryphes (Ancient Testament) --- History --- Histoire --- Critique, interprétation, etc --- Jewish astronomy --- Criticism, interpretation, etc

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Time has always held a fascination for human beings, who have attempted to relate to it and to make sense of it, constructing and deconstructing it through its various prisms, since time cannot be experienced in an unmediated way. This book answers the needs of a growing community of scholars and readers who are interested in this interaction. It offers a series of innovative studies by both senior and younger experts on various aspects of the construction of time in antiquity. Some articles in this book contain visual material published for the first time, while other studies update the field with new theories or apply new approaches to relevant sources. Within the study of antiquity, the book covers the disciplines of Classics and Ancient History, Assyriology, Egyptology, Ancient Judaism, and Early Christianity, with thematic contributions on rituals, festivals, astronomy, calendars, medicine, art, and narrative.

Time. --- Time --- Hours (Time) --- 291.36 --- Geodetic astronomy --- Nautical astronomy --- Horology --- 291.36 Heilige tijden: heilig jaar; liturgische kalender; godsdienstige feesten --- Heilige tijden: heilig jaar; liturgische kalender; godsdienstige feesten

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This book concerns the ancient rock-cut monuments carved throughout the Near East, paying particular attention to the fate of these monuments in the centuries after their initial production. As parts of the landscapes in which they were carved, they acquired new meanings in the cultural memory of the people living around them. The volume joins numerous recent studies on the reception of historical texts and artefacts, exploring the peculiar affordances of these long-lasting and often salient monuments. The volume gathers articles by archeologists, art historians, and philologists, covering the entire Near East, from Iran to Lebanon and from Turkey to Egypt. It also analyzes long-lasting textual traditions that aim to explain the origins and meaning of rock-cut monuments and other related carvings.

Monuments --- Inscriptions --- Cultural landscapes --- Antiquities in literature. --- Historiography --- Middle East. --- History. --- Middle East --- Antiquities. --- Historiography. --- Antiquities in literature --- History --- Antiquities --- Historical monuments --- Architecture --- Sculpture --- Historic sites --- Memorials --- Public sculpture --- Statues --- Epigraphs (Inscriptions) --- Epigraphy --- Inscription --- Paleography --- Epigraphists --- Historical criticism --- Authorship --- Cultural geography --- Landscapes --- Landscape archaeology --- Criticism --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- Petropglyphs --- Petroglyphs --- Relief (sculpture) --- Pétroglyphes --- Monuments - Middle East --- Inscriptions - Middle East --- Cultural landscapes - Middle East - History - To 1500 --- Historiography - Cross-cultural studies --- Middle East - Antiquities --- Middle East - Historiography

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Until very recently, the idea of ancient Jewish sciences would havebeen considered unacceptable. Since the 1990’s, Early Modernand Medieval Science in Jewish sources has been actively studied, but the consensus was that no real scientific themes couldbe found in earlier Judaism. This work points them out in detail,and posits a new field of research: the scientific activity evidentin the Dead Sea Scrolls and Early Jewish Pseudepigrapha. Thepublication of new texts and new analyses of older ones revealscrucial elements that are best illuminated by the history of science, and may have interesting consequences for it. The contributors evaluate these texts in relation to astronomy, astrology andphysiognomy, marking the first comprehensive attempt to accountfor scientific themes in Second Temple Judaism. They investigatethe meaning and purpose of scientific explorations in an apocalyptic setting. An appreciation of these topics paves the way toa renewed understanding of the scientific fragments scatteredthroughout rabbinic literature.The book first places the Jewish material in the ancient contextof the Near Eastern and Hellenistic worlds. While the Jewish textswere not on the cutting edge of scientific discovery, they find ameaningful place in the history of science, between Babylonia andEgypt, in the time period between Hipparchus and Ptolemy. Thebook uses recent advances in method to examine the contacts andnetworks of Jewish scholars in their ancient setting. Second, theessays here tackle the problematic concept of a national scientifictradition. Although science is nowadays often conceived as universal, the historiography of ancient Jewish sciences demonstratesthe importance of seeing the development of science in a localcontext. The book explores the tension between the hegemony ofcentral scientific traditions and local scientific enterprises, showing the relevance of ancient data to contemporary postcolonialhistoriography of science. Finally, philosophical questions of thedemarcation of science are addressed in a way that can advancethe discussion of related ancient materials.Online edition available as part of the NYU Library's Ancient World Digital Library and in partnership with the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW).

Physiognomy --- Judaism and science. --- Astrology, Hebrew. --- Astronomy, Ancient. --- Science, Ancient --- Science and Judaism --- Science --- Hebrew astrology --- Ancient astronomy --- Ancient science --- Science, Primitive --- Religious aspects --- Judaism. --- History. --- History

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This book presents an innovative and comprehensive method for reconstructing fragmentary scrolls in a digital environment. The method enables extracting maximum information from the fragments. It is exemplified on the scroll 4Q418a, a fragmentary copy of Instruction. Scholars working with ancient scrolls seek ways to extract maximum information from the multitude of fragments. Various methods were applied to that end on the Dead Sea Scrolls as well as on other ancient texts. The present book augments these methods to a full-scale protocol, while adapting them to a new computerized environment. Fundamental methodological issues are illuminated as part of the discussion, and the potential margin of error is provided on an empirical basis, as practiced in the sciences. The method is then exemplified with regard to the scroll 4Q418a, a copy of a wisdom composition from Qumran.

Qumran community --- 4QInstruction --- Dead Sea scrolls. --- Dead Sea scrolls --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc --- Qumran community.