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"Only a few decades after the Holocaust, Belgian Jews, like most European Jewries, are under the attack of forces stemming from a variety of sources. How do they confront and stand these new hardships? Research done all over Europe from 2012 through 2013 tried to answer this question. Among the cases investigated, the Belgian Jewry is one of the most interesting. It is both versatile and representative, revealing essential components of the general experience of European Jews today. Conceptual considerations pave the way to the study of their plight that has been, by any criterion, anything but "usual". Belgian Jews, it appears, are "like" many other Jewries in Europe but "a little more". They highlight the question: is allosemitism at all surmountable?"--

Antisemitism --- Jews --- Antisémitisme --- Juifs --- History --- Histoire --- Antisémitisme --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Anti-Jewish attitudes --- Anti-Semitism --- Ethnic relations --- Prejudices --- Philosemitism

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Ten years after the creation of the state of Israel, David Ben Gurion wrote to 50 of the best thinkers and researchers in the world asking ""Who is a Jew?"" This publication contains the letters that answered this question, the original text of Ben Gurion, and an analysis by Shalow Tasavi.

Jews --- Identity, Jewish --- Jewish identity --- Jewishness --- Jewish law --- Jewish nationalism --- Identity. --- Ethnic identity --- Race identity --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Ben-Gurion, David, --- Green, David, --- Yariv, S. S., --- Bin Jūriyūn, --- Ben-Guryon, Daṿid, --- Grin, Daṿid, --- Gurion, David Ben-, --- Guryon, Daṿid Ben-, --- Gruen, David Joseph, --- Gryn, David, --- Ben Gourion, --- Ben Gourion, David, --- Grün, David, --- בו־גוריון, דוד --- בן גוריון --- בן גוריון, דוד, --- בן־גוריון, דוד, 1886־1973 --- בן־גוריון, דוד, --- בן־גוריון, דויד, --- בן־גוריון, ד. --- בן־גוריון, ד., 1886־1973 --- בן־גוריון, --- בן־גורין, דוד, --- בן־גריון, דוד --- בן־גריון, ד. י., --- בן-גוריון, דוד --- בן-גוריון, דוד, --- בן-גוריון, ד., --- בן-גוריון, --- יריב, ס. ש. --- יריב, ס. ש., --- بن-غوريون، دافيد --- بن-‌غوريون، دافيد

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The shift to Hebrew as a national language is at the root of the creation of Israel, yet many Jewish former immigrants still use the language of their country of origin. Ultra-orthodox communities retain their own codes, and the use of Arabic remains a clear marker of the Israeli-Arab town and village. At the same time Israel's position in international affairs has encouraged a wide penetration of the society, along class lines, by languages of world-wide communication. These very same languages, for example English and French, have different values in their local context, and play active, and different, roles in the formation of social boundaries. In his analysis Eliezer Ben-Rafael focuses on linguistic resources and symbols which reflect and reveal the complex structure of class, ethnic, religious, and national identities and cleavages in Israeli society. More generally, he uses the Israeli case to show how sociolinguistic ideas may be related to sociological propositions about social aspects of language use.

Sociolinguistics --- Israel --- Languages. --- Ethnic relations. --- Language and languages --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Linguistics --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects

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Ethnicity --- Social conflict --- Ethnicité --- Conflits sociaux --- Israel --- Israël --- Ethnic relations. --- Relations interethniques