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More developed financial systems are associated with higher investment and better economic performance. This paper discusses possible factors that may inhibit a deepening of bank intermediation and more efficient banking in Brazil, two aspects that are found to be significantly different than in leading banking systems in other parts of the world. Using panel data, it finds positive evidence of the presence of a noncompetitive market structure in the Brazilian banking system, a factor that could explain why intermediation may be relatively low and costly. When banks behave like local monopolies or oligopolies, incentives to improve efficiency are weak and the interest rate spread is large, discouraging higher lending volumes.

Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Industries: Financial Services --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Market Structure and Pricing: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Banking --- Finance --- Commercial banks --- Foreign banks --- Loans --- Competition --- Financial institutions --- Financial markets --- State-owned banks --- Banks and banking --- Banks and banking, Foreign --- Brazil

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Money market. Capital market --- European Union

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This paper analyses the process of disintermediation, the progress in consolidation, the impact of new technologies, and the role of ownership and control structures for the euro area banking sector. The impact of these trends on competition policy, "too big to fail" concerns, and financial stability is investigated. In this setting, the paper endorses stronger cross-border coordination among supervisory authorities but notes that more formal cross-border arrangements through supranational agencies seem, at this stage, premature. However, an increased capacity to perform centralized market surveillance, building on domestic supervisory information, is needed to ensure the efficiency and stability of euro-area financial markets.

Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Commercial banks --- Bank credit --- Cooperative banks --- Personal income --- Financial institutions --- Loans --- Credit --- Money --- National accounts --- Banks and banking --- Banks and banking, Cooperative --- Income --- United States

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This study examines external and domestic influences on Latin America’s economic performance over the past decade and a half. It notes that over the past few years, macroeconomic policies have strengthened and structural reforms have been implemented. Together with a favorable external environment, these policies have contributed to Latin America’s relatively sharp economic recovery from its last recession. The study discusses the priorities for the region’s reform agenda that could help to ensure that this growing prosperity becomes entrenched. It also makes observations on the future roles of the major policymakers involved--the governments in the region; the international financial institutions, and especially the IMF; and industrial country governments.

International Monetary Fund --- Latin America --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Public finance & taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- International economics --- Public debt --- Inflation --- Fiscal policy --- Expenditure --- Prices --- Commercial banks --- Financial institutions --- Debts, Public --- Banks and banking --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary policy --- Mexico