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England explored and colonized the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada under the authority of an international law called the Doctrine of Discovery. When Europeans set out to exploit and expropriate the lands, commercial, governmental, and human rights of the indigenous peoples of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States in the 15th through to the 20th centuries, they justified their sovereignty and claims over these territories and over indigenous peoples with the Discovery Doctrine. This legal principle was justified by religious and ethnocentric ideas of European and Christian superiority over the other cultures, religions, and races of the world. The Doctrine provided that newly-arrived Europeans automatically acquired property rights in the lands of indigenous peoples and gained political and commercial rights over the indigenous inhabitants. The United States Supreme Court expressly adopted Discovery in 1823 in Johnson v. M'Intosh. This case and the Doctrine of Discovery has been cited and relied on by Australian, Canadian, New Zealand, and United States governments, courts, and colonists. The English colonial governments and colonists in all four countries utilized Discovery principles and arguments, and these governments continue to use Discovery today to exercise legal powers over indigenous peoples. The elements of Discovery were not applied in the exact same manner and at the exact same time periods in all four countries, but the similarities of the use of Discovery are striking and not the least bit surprising since the Doctrine was English colonial law. Viewing Australian, Canadian, New Zealand, and American history and law in light of the international law Doctrine of Discovery creates a more complete understanding of all four countries and of what colonial law has done to indigenous lands.

Constitutional law --- Indigenous peoples --- Colonies. --- Civil rights --- Great Britain --- Colonies --- Discovery and exploration. --- Aboriginal peoples --- Aborigines --- Adivasis --- Indigenous populations --- Native peoples --- Native races --- Ethnology --- Dret constitucional --- Aborígens --- Colònies --- Descobriment i exploracions --- Drets civils --- Dret polític --- Ciències polítiques --- Dret a la tutela judicial --- Constitucions --- Dret administratiu --- Dret públic --- Autòctons --- Comunitats autòctones --- Comunitats indígenes --- Grups autòctons --- Indígenes --- Nacions autòctones --- Nadius --- Poblacions aborígens --- Poblacions autòctones --- Poblacions indígenes --- Pobles aborígens --- Pobles autòctons --- Pobles indígenes --- Races aborígens --- Races autòctones --- Races indígenes --- Races natives --- Etnologia

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Contemporary creative writers reflect on the past, present and future of the novelIn 2012-2013, a year-long conversation between writers took place at 17 literary festivals around the world, from Jaipur to Krasnoyarsk, and from Melbourne to Berlin. Distinguished novelists such as Irvine Welsh, Ahdaf Soueif and Ali Smith shared their thoughts on various aspects of contemporary literature – the challenges it faces and the directions it is taking. This book is in part an anthology of the best of those accounts and also an overview of the lively wide-ranging global debate that the authors’ views engendered among the many writers who took part. It adds up to an arresting and thought-provoking picture of the state of world literature today.Key FeaturesA powerful statement of the significance of literature in the modern world, and a call-to-arms for those who believe that fine writing is endangeredContributors include well-known contemporary novelists such as: China Mieville, Ahdaf Soueif, Kapka Kassabova, Irvine Welsh, Ali Smith and Kirsty GunnProvides an international perspective on the issues facing writers and writing in general, and the present-day novel in particularA new and valuable resource for academics and students, and a fascinating primer for a wider readership – for those who want to know how fiction functions & who like to get an insight into the thought processes of creative artists

Literature, Modern --- History and criticism