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A large literature has documented an association between economic growth and export diversification. We study this question in France between 1836 and 1938. The period witnessed the onset of modern economic growth and sharp changes in the level of international competition. We use a new long term database on French foreign trade at a high level of disaggregation. At the dawn of the first Globalization, France appears to have specialized along Ricardian lines, exporting a handful of textile products in large quantities. There is a decrease in specialization from 1860 to World War I along the lines of modern studies. Changes in trade costs along with economic growth help explain the evolution of France's comparative advantage. The decline of export concentration is associated with a chronic deficit in the balance of trade during the Belle Époque and the major part of the interwar period particularly after 1927.
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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs on France in Britain. Policy change was unexpected by French industry and entirely free from lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed because of the (first-ever) use of an MFN clause. Post-1860 we find a significant rise in intra-industry trade. Rising imports met with higher exports. Liberalization allowed for an expansion of exports in differentiated products instead of eliminating French exports. The findings are consistent with the "smooth adjustment" hypothesis. Anti-competitive, protectionist lobbying apparent from 1878 was not a backlash to international competition.
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Depuis l’Ancien Régime, la France doit faire face à l’émergence de nouveaux compétiteurs qui attaquent ses productions traditionnelles. La différenciation des produits et l’amélioration de leur qualité vers le haut de gamme peuvent être des solutions efficaces pour réussir dans le cadre d’une libéralisation des échanges internationaux et d’une concurrence mondialisée. La montée en gamme apparaît comme un enjeu crucial que l’histoire économique peut éclairer. En effet, le made in France évoque l’histoire d’un produit, d’une entreprise, d’un territoire mais également la mobilisation de savoir-faire uniques et ancestraux. Issu d’un colloque international et pluridisciplinaire, cet ouvrage s’attache à comprendre les spécialités du commerce extérieur français du XIXe au XXIe siècle, en regard du dynamisme de ses voisins, allemand notamment. Il interroge en outre le succès des « articles de Paris », des parfums et vins français, des entreprises familiales françaises du luxe mais également des montres suisses, des créateurs et créatrices de mode italiens et de l’industrie automobile allemande. Enfin, il invite à repenser les notions de terroir, de cluster (réseau d’entreprises locales) ou encore de marque.
Economics --- automobile --- concurrence --- entreprises françaises --- Commerce exterieur --- luxe --- vin --- France --- Commerce --- History --- Bro-C'hall --- Fa-kuo --- Fa-lan-hsi --- Faguo --- Falanxi --- Falanxi Gongheguo --- Faransā --- Farānsah --- França --- Francia (Republic) --- Francija --- Francja --- Francland --- Francuska --- Franis --- Franḳraykh --- Frankreich --- Frankrig --- Frankrijk --- Frankrike --- Frankryk --- Fransa --- Fransa Respublikası --- Franse --- Franse Republiek --- Frant︠s︡ --- Frant︠s︡ Uls --- Frant︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Frantsuzskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Frantsyi︠a︡ --- Franza --- French Republic --- Frencisc Cynewīse --- Frenska republika --- Furansu --- Furansu Kyōwakoku --- Gallia --- Gallia (Republic) --- Gallikē Dēmokratia --- Hyãsia --- Parancis --- Peurancih --- Phransiya --- Pransiya --- Pransya --- Prantsusmaa --- Pʻŭrangsŭ --- Ranska --- República Francesa --- Republica Franzesa --- Republika Francuska --- Republiḳah ha-Tsarfatit --- Republikang Pranses --- République française --- Tsarfat --- Tsorfat --- Γαλλική Δημοκρατία --- Γαλλία --- Франц --- Франц Улс --- Французская Рэспубліка --- Францыя --- Франция --- Френска република --- פראנקרייך --- צרפת --- רפובליקה הצרפתית --- فرانسه --- فرنسا --- フランス --- フランス共和国 --- 法国 --- 法蘭西 --- 法蘭西共和國 --- 프랑스 --- France (Provisional government, 1944-1946)
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