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National wealth --- Income --- Developing countries --- Poverty --- Household surveys --- 314.7 --- 330.56 --- 339.96 --- -Household surveys --- Surveys, Household --- Surveys --- Census --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Migratie. Geografische mobiliteit. Verhuizingen--(demografie) --- Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- 339.96 Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- 330.56 Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- 314.7 Migratie. Geografische mobiliteit. Verhuizingen--(demografie) --- Poverty - Developing countries - Longitudinal studies --- Household surveys - Developing countries

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Minot and Baulch combine household survey and census data to construct a provincial poverty map of Vietnam and evaluate the accuracy of geographically targeted antipoverty programs. First, they estimate per capita expenditure as a function of selected household and geographic characteristics using the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey. Next, they combine the results with data on the same household characteristics from the 1999 census to estimate the incidence of poverty in each province. The results show that rural poverty is concentrated in 10 provinces in the Northern Uplands, 2 provinces in the Central Highlands, and 2 provinces in the Central Coast. The authors use Receiver Operating Characteristics curves to evaluate the effectiveness of geographic targeting. The results show that the existing poor communes system excludes large numbers of poor people, but there is potential for sharpening poverty targeting using a small number of easy-to-measure household characteristics. This paper is a joint product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group, and the International Food Policy Research Institute. The authors may be contacted at n.minot@cgiar.org or bornbaulch@lds.ac.uk.

Anti-Poverty --- Extreme Poverty --- Food Aid --- Food Policy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Income --- Household Size --- Household Survey --- Incidence of Poverty --- Poor --- Poor Households --- Poor People --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Analysis --- Poverty Estimates --- Poverty Map --- Poverty Maps --- Poverty Programs --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Targeting

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Equality --- Poverty

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Baulch, Chuyen, Haughton, and Haughton examine the latest quantitative evidence on disparities in living standards between and among different ethnic groups in Vietnam. Using data from the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey and 1999 Census, they show that Kinh and Hoa ("majority") households have substantially higher living standards than "minority" households from Vietnam's other 52 ethnic groups. Subdividing the population into five broad categories, the authors find that while the Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, and Northern Highland minorities have benefited from economic growth in the 1990s, the growth of Central Highland minorities has stagnated. Disaggregating further, they find that the same ethnic groups whose living standards have risen fastest are those that have the highest school enrollment rates, are most likely to intermarry with Kinh partners, and are the least likely to practice a religion. The authors then estimate and decompose a set of expenditure regressions which show that even if minority households had the same endowments as Kinh households, this would close no more than a third of the gap in per capita expenditures. While some ethnic minorities seem to be doing well with a strategy of assimilating (both culturally and economically) with the Kinh-Hoa majority, other groups are attempting to integrate economically while retaining distinct cultural identities. A third group comprising the Central Highland minorities, including the Hmong, is largely being left behind by the growth process. Such diversity in the socioeconomic development experiences of the different ethnic minorities indicates the need for similar diversity in the policy interventions that are designed to assist them. This paper-a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study household welfare and poverty reduction in Vietnam. Jonathan Haughton may be contacted at jhaughto@beaconhill.org.

Adoption --- Anthropology --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Culture & Development --- Disability --- Economic Growth --- Education --- Education for All --- Ethnic Groups --- Fertility --- Fertility Rate --- Gender --- Gender and Education --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Human Capital --- Living Standards --- Minority --- Policy --- Population --- Population Policies --- Populations --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Primary Education --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- School Enrolment --- Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping --- Social Protections and Labor --- Socioeconomic Development --- Socioeconomic Differences --- Urban Areas --- Women --- Workshop --- Young Children