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A unilateral trade reform generates two opposite effects: market access expansion and strengthening of competitive pressures in the liberalized market. Using detailed trade and firm-level data from France, the authors investigate how French firms' product scope and export sales changed after Chinese liberalization vis-a-vis Asian liberalization. The findings suggest that lower Chinese import tariffs account on average for 7 percent of the new products exported by French firms, and for 18 percent of additional French export sales. These results are robust when accounting for foreign competition faced by French firms in the liberalized market.

Economic Theory & Research --- Export margins and firm level data --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign competition --- Free Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Markets and Market Access --- Microfinance --- Trade Policy --- Unilateral trade liberalization

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A unilateral trade reform generates two opposite effects: market access expansion and strengthening of competitive pressures in the liberalized market. Using detailed trade and firm-level data from France, the authors investigate how French firms' product scope and export sales changed after Chinese liberalization vis-a-vis Asian liberalization. The findings suggest that lower Chinese import tariffs account on average for 7 percent of the new products exported by French firms, and for 18 percent of additional French export sales. These results are robust when accounting for foreign competition faced by French firms in the liberalized market.

Economic Theory & Research --- Export margins and firm level data --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign competition --- Free Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Markets and Market Access --- Microfinance --- Trade Policy --- Unilateral trade liberalization

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This paper explores the productivity impact of trade, product market and financial market policies over the last decade in China – a fast growing country where, despite significant reform action, regulatory stance remains still far from OECD standards. The paper makes a critical distinction between downstream and upstream industries, focusing on the indirect effects of regulation in upstream industries on firm performance in downstream manufacturing industries. This framework allows investigating the link between these policies and productivity growth depending on how far incumbents are relative to the technological frontier. The analysis is novel in several respects. Drawing on new OECD policy indicators of sector-level product market regulation and firm level data, econometric estimates deliver new evidence on the potential gains from product and financial market reforms in China, two policy areas that had not been studied in previous empirical literature. Firm-level microeconomic data further allow shedding light on the differential effects of policies within industries, while also highlighting the potential channels through which productivity is affected by reform. The key conclusion that can be derived from the empirical analysis is that further product, trade and financial market reforms would bring substantial gains in China and could therefore speed up the convergence process. Taken at face value, the empirical estimates would imply that aligning product, trade and financial market regulation to the average level observed in OECD countries would bring aggregate manufacturing productivity gains of respectively 9%, 4% and 6.5% after five years. Trade and product market reforms are found to deliver stronger gains for firms that are closer to the industry-level technological frontier, while the reverse holds for financial market reforms.

Economics --- China, People’s Republic

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Amerikaans visueel theoreticus W.J.T. Mitchell (°1942) cureerde in 2018 de tentoonstelling Metapictures in het OCAT Institute in Peking, waar hij zijn zogenaamde Metapictures Atlas voorstelde. Deze Metapictures Atlas neemt Mitchells origineel theoretisch concept van de zogenaamde metapicture – een beeld dat naar zichzelf of andere beelden verwijst, of reflecteert over de oorsprong en productie van beelden – als uitgangspunt om een reflectie te bieden op de rol en betekenis van beelden in onze westerse beschaving doorheen de geschiedenis en bekeken vanuit verschillende disciplines. De Metapictures Atlas bestaat uit elf secties vormgegeven als wolken of clouds, die elk een of meerdere aspecten veruitwendigen van Mitchells leer en ontwikkeling van een image science, een overkoepelende wetenschappelijke discipline die zich niet alleen op artistieke beelden richt, maar elk type beeld tot mogelijk onderzoeksobject maakt, gaande van metaforen en denkbeelden tot cartoons en reclamespots. Doorheen deze thesis tracht ik de Metapictures Atlas niet alleen voor de eerste maal in kaart te brengen, maar zal ik deze ook inbedden in Mitchells beeldtheorie en zelf aan de slag gaan met een persoonlijke compilatie van vijftien mogelijke metapictures. Deze onderneming brengt mij uiteindelijk tot de conclusie dat de Metapictures Atlas niet alleen de ontwikkeling van Mitchells image science volgt, maar er in feite een essentieel deel van uitmaakt door de mogelijke zelftheoretisering van afbeeldingen tot werkelijkheid te maken.