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Why are some places successful in moving from war to consolidated peace while others continue to be troubled by violence? And why does post conflict violence take different forms and have different intensities? By developing a new theory of post conflict violence Patrick Barron's When Violence Works makes a significant contribution to our understanding. Barron picks out three post conflict regions in Indonesia in which to analyze what happens once the "official" fighting ends: North Maluku has seen peace consolidated; Maluku still witnesses large episodes of violence; and Aceh experiences continuing occurrences of violence but on a smaller scale than in Maluku. He argues that violence after war has ended revenge killings, sexual violence, gang battles, and violent crime, in addition to overtly political conflict) is not the result of failed elite bargains or weak states, but occurs because the actors involved see it as beneficial and low cost. His findings pertain directly to Indonesia, but the theory will have relevance far beyond as those studying countries such as Colombia, the Philippines, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria seek a framework in which to assess what happens after war ends. Barron's theory also provides practical guidance for policymakers and development practitioners. Ultimately, When Violence Works pushes forward our understanding of why post conflict violence occurs and takes the forms it does.

Ethnic conflict --- Conflict management --- Peace-building --- Violence --- Violent behavior --- Social psychology --- Building peace --- Peacebuilding --- Peace --- Peacekeeping forces --- Conflict control --- Conflict resolution --- Dispute settlement --- Management of conflict --- Managing conflict --- Management --- Negotiation --- Problem solving --- Social conflict --- Crisis management --- Southeast Asia, postconflict, post-conflict, civil war, Indonesia, violence, conflict studies, peace, President Suharto, postconflict violence, violence in Indonesia, Colombia, Philippines, Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Maluku, Aceh, National Violence Monitoring System.

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Community-Driven Development (or CDD) projects are now a major component of World Bank assistance to many developing countries. While varying greatly in size and form, such projects aim to ensure that communities have substantive control in deciding how project funds should be used. The proponents of CDD believe that giving beneficiaries the power to manage project resources will lead to more efficient and effective use of financial resources. It is also claimed that project-initiated participatory processes can have wider 'spillover' impacts, building local institutions and leadership, enhancing civic capacity, improving social relations and boosting state legitimacy. This paper briefly reviews the World Bank's experience of using CDD in conflict-affected and post-conflict areas of the East Asia and Pacific region. This paper provides a framework for assessing the impacts of CDD projects in post-conflict and conflict-affected areas. It tries to unpack the potential causal channels through which projects may have their desired, or other, impacts. The paper concludes with a short summary of what we know, what we don't, and potential future directions for research and programming.

Accountability --- Accounting --- Brain Drain --- Civil Service --- Communities --- Community Development and Empowerment --- Conflict and Development --- Conflict Resolution --- Economic Development --- Education --- Employment --- Financial Management --- Foundations --- Genocide --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Leadership --- Migration --- Municipalities --- Needs Assessment --- Peacebuilding --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Productivity --- Public Buildings --- Rehabilitation --- Resettlement --- Roads --- Rural Development --- Savings --- Social Development --- Sovereignty --- Universities --- Urban Areas --- Villages --- Violence --- Wages --- Water Supply --- Youth

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Community Driven Development (CDD) projects are now a major component of World Bank assistance to many developing countries. While varying greatly in size and form, such projects aim to ensure that communities have substantive control in deciding how project funds should be used. Giving beneficiaries the power to manage project resources is believed by its proponents to lead to more efficient and effective fund use. It is also claimed that project-initiated participatory processes can have wider 'spillover' impacts, building local institutions and leadership, enhancing civic capacity, improving social relations and boosting state legitimacy. This paper briefly reviews the World Bank's experience of using CDD in conflict-affected and post-conflict areas of the East Asia and Pacific region. The region has been at the forefront of developing large-scale CDD programming including high profile 'flagships' such as the Kecamatan Development Program (KDP) in Indonesia and the Kapitbisig Laban Sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI-CIDSS) project in the Philippines. As of the end of 2007, CDD constituted fifteen percent of the lending portfolio in East Asia compared with ten percent globally. Many of East Asia's CDD projects have operated consciously or not in areas affected by protracted violent conflict. CDD has also been used as an explicit mechanism for post-conflict recovery in Mindanao in the Philippines and in Timor Leste, and for conflict victim reintegration in Aceh, Indonesia. It then looks at the evidence on whether and how projects have achieved these outcomes, focusing on a range of recent and current projects in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Timor-Leste. The analysis summarizes results, draws on comparative evidence from other projects in the region and elsewhere, and seeks to identify factors that explain variation in outcomes and project performance. The paper concludes with a short summary of what we know, what we don't, and potential future directions for research and programming.

Brain Drain --- Cash Transfers --- Communities --- Conflict and Development --- Conflict Resolution --- Economic Development --- Education --- Food Consumption --- Foundations --- Genocide --- Household Surveys --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Human Capital --- Irrigation --- Leadership --- Needs Assessment --- Peacebuilding --- Political Economy --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Buildings --- Rehabilitation --- Resettlement --- Roads --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Sanctions --- Savings --- Social Development --- Sovereignty --- Universities --- Urban Areas --- Villages --- Violence --- Youth

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Political sociology --- Politics

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Environmental planning --- comprehensive plans [reports] --- landscapes [environments] --- ruimtelijke ordening --- landschappen