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Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience interested in economic policy issues. This Web-only series replaced Staff Position Notes in January 2011.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Labor Economics Policies --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor market reforms --- Labor markets --- Structural reforms --- Macrostructural analysis --- Manpower policy --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- United States

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Low-income countries continue to face significant challenges in meeting their vast development needs while maintaining a sustainable debt position, even after many of these countries have benefited from substantial debt relief. These challenges are further exacerbated by changes in the financial landscape, including the emergence of new creditors and investors, the use of more complex financing vehicles, and the development of domestic markets. The joint World Bank/IMF debt sustainability framework is well placed to help address these challenges and reduce the risks of renewed episodes of debt distress. This paper explains the analytical underpinnings of the framework and the means to ensure its full effectiveness.--Publisher's description.

Debts, External --- Economic development --- Developing countries --- Economic policy --- Developing Countries --- developpement economique --- economisch beleid --- pays en voie de developpement --- -Economic development --- -330.05 --- 336.3435 --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Economic policy. --- economische ontwikkeling --- politique economique --- ontwikkelingslanden --- 330.05 --- Debts, External - Developing countries --- Economic development - Developing countries --- Developing countries - Economic policy

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Les pays à faible revenu continuent d'éprouver des difficultés considérables à satisfaire leurs importants besoins en développement tout en préservant la viabilité de leur dette, même après avoir bénéficié d'un important allégement de la dette pour nombre d'entre eux. Ces difficultés sont encore exacerbées par l'évolution du paysage financier, dont l'émergence de nouveaux créanciers et investisseurs, le recours à des instruments de financement complexes, et le développement des marchés intérieurs. Le cadre de viabilité de la dette, élaboré conjointement par la Banque mondiale et le FMI, est très utile pour aider à résoudre ces difficultés ainsi qu'à réduire les risques de réapparition d'épisodes de surendettement. Ce document présente les fondements théoriques du cadre et explique comment en tirer tout le parti.

Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Debt sustainability analysis --- Debt sustainability --- External debt --- Public debt --- Debt service --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Export credit --- United States

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Economic policy and planning (general) --- International finance --- Developing countries

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Against the background of political turmoil in the Middle-East, Europe faces an unprecedented surge in asylum applications. In analyzing the economic impact of this inflow, this paper draws from the experience of previous economic migrants and refugees, mindful of the fact that the characteristics of economic migrants can be different from refugees. In the short-run, additional public expenditure will provide a small positive impact on GDP, concentrated in the main destination countries of Germany, Sweden and Austria. Over the longer-term, depending on the speed and success of the integration of refugees in the labor market, the increase in the labor force can have a more lasting impact on growth and the public finances. Here good policies will make an important difference. These include lowering barriers to labor markets for refugees, for example through wage subsidies to employers, and, in particular, reducing legal barriers to labor market participation during asylum process, removing obstacles to entrepreneurship/self-employment, providing job training and job search assistance, as well as language skills. While native workers often have legitimate concerns about the impact of immigrants on wages and employment, past experience indicates that any adverse effects are limited and temporary.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Emigration and Immigration --- International Migration --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Education: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Migration, immigration & emigration --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Population & demography --- Migration --- Labor markets --- Population and demographics --- Emigration and immigration --- Labor market --- Population --- Labor economics --- Germany