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This book focuses on the current status of our understanding of RNA, a key biological molecule. The various RNAs covered are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, noncoding RNAs, modified nucleosides, and RNA enzymes. The different chapters detail methods to investigate RNA structure and function, the chemistry of modified RNAs, and the latest advances in our understanding of the vast array of biological processes in which RNA is involved. RNA, in one form or another, touches almost everything in a cell. RNA has both structural and catalytic properties. RNA fulfills a broad range of functions. These molecules are no longer seen as passive elements transferring the genetic information from DNA into proteins but regulate the activity of genes during development, cellular differentiation, and changing environments. RNAs are involved in various aspects of cell physiology and disease development. Discoveries of RNA with unexpected diverse functions in healthy and diseased cells, such as the role of RNA as both the source and countermeasure to cancer or severe viral infection, stimulate new trends, passion, and solutions for molecular medicine. In this book, fundamental questions about the biochemical and genetic importance of RNA, how mRNAs are generated and used to produce proteins, how noncoding and catalytic RNAs mediate key cellular processes, how to determine RNA structure and how to apply RNA in treatment of diseases. This book is an essential resource for researches in academia and industry contributing to the development of new RNA therapeutics. The book is geared toward scientists from the graduate level on up and particularly appeals to active investigators in RNA biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry.

RNA --- Structure --- Biomolecules. --- Physical biochemistry. --- Macromolecules. --- Biochemistry. --- Medical genetics. --- Cytology. --- Genetics. --- Structural Biology. --- Medical Genetics. --- Cell Biology. --- Genetics and Genomics. --- Piwi-Interacting RNA. --- RNA, Untranslated

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This book reviews the chemical, regulatory, and physiological mechanisms of protein arginine and lysine methyltransferases, as well as nucleic acid methylations and methylating enzymes. Protein and nucleic acid methylation play key and diverse roles in cellular signalling and regulating macromolecular cell functions. Protein arginine and lysine methyltransferases are the predominant enzymes that catalyse S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methylation of protein substrates. These enzymes catalyse a nucleophilic substitution of a methyl group to an arginine or lysine side chain nitrogen (N) atom. Cells also have additional protein methyltransferases, which target other amino acids in peptidyl side chains or N-termini and C-termini, such as glutamate, glutamine, and histidine. All these protein methyltransferases use a similar mechanism. In contrast, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are substrates for methylating enzymes, which employ various chemical mechanisms to methylate nucleosides at nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and carbon (C) atoms. This book illustrates how, thanks to there ability to expand their repertoire of functions to the modified substrates, protein and nucleic acid methylation processes play a key role in cells.

Methyltransferases --- Nucleic acids --- Methylation. --- Human genetics. --- Nucleic acids. --- Genetic engineering. --- Cytology. --- Human Genetics. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Genetic Engineering. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Designed genetic change --- Engineering, Genetic --- Gene splicing --- Genetic intervention --- Genetic surgery --- Genetic recombination --- Biotechnology --- Transgenic organisms --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Cell biology.

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This book reviews a novel and exciting field of cellular and molecular biology called epitranscriptomics, which focuses on changes in an organism’s cells resulting from the posttranscriptional modification of cellular RNA. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in these posttranscriptional modifications and also support several cellular processes necessary for maintaining RNA homeostasis. Exploring the mechanisms underlying RNA modifications and RBP function is an emerging area of biomedical research, taking the study of gene regulation a step beyond epigenetics. This book reveals that the RNA molecule is not just an information-carrying molecule with some secondary structures. Accordingly, how RNA is modified, regulated, packaged, and controlled is an important aspect. Leading experts address questions such as where the over 170 distinct posttranscriptional RNA modifications are located on the genome, what percentage of mRNAs and noncoding RNAs these modifications include, and how an RNA modification impacts a person’s biology. In closing, the book reviews the role of RNA modifications and RBPs in a variety of diseases and their pathogenesis. Addressing some of the most exciting challenges in epitranscriptomics, this book provides a valuable and engaging resource for researchers in academia and industry studying the phenomena of RNA modification.

Epigenetics. --- RNA—Metabolism. --- Biochemistry. --- Bioinformatics. --- RNA Metabolism. --- Biological Chemistry. --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Biology --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Genetics --- Data processing --- Composition --- Transcripció genètica --- Epigenètica --- Genètica --- Codi genètic --- Factors de transcripció --- RNA --- Metabolism. --- Ribonucleic acid metabolism --- Genetic transcription. --- Analysis.

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This book reviews a novel and exciting field of cellular and molecular biology called epitranscriptomics, which focuses on changes in an organism's cells resulting from the posttranscriptional modification of cellular RNA. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in these posttranscriptional modifications and also support several cellular processes necessary for maintaining RNA homeostasis. Exploring the mechanisms underlying RNA modifications and RBP function is an emerging area of biomedical research, taking the study of gene regulation a step beyond epigenetics. This book reveals that the RNA molecule is not just an information-carrying molecule with some secondary structures. Accordingly, how RNA is modified, regulated, packaged, and controlled is an important aspect. Leading experts address questions such as where the over 170 distinct posttranscriptional RNA modifications are located on the genome, what percentage of mRNAs and noncoding RNAs these modifications include, and how an RNA modification impacts a person's biology. In closing, the book reviews the role of RNA modifications and RBPs in a variety of diseases and their pathogenesis. Addressing some of the most exciting challenges in epitranscriptomics, this book provides a valuable and engaging resource for researchers in academia and industry studying the phenomena of RNA modification.

Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- General biochemistry --- bio-informatica --- biochemie

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Small non coding RNAs (ncRNAs), also known as the secret regulators of the cells, have been discovered only 20 years ago, and it has been much more recently that the attention of the scientific community has been turned towards the structure and function of ncRNAs in plants. Indeed, it has been found that the higher the organisms have been developed, the larger the numbers of ncRNA genes encoded in their DNAs. With this book the editors have been able to solicit the best ncRNA plant researchers in the world to report on their most recent discoveries concerning the importance of small ncRNA in plants. The book is a “must” for those, who are interested in the molecular regulation processes involving ncRNAs in plants.

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant. --- Molecular biology. --- Non-coding RNA. --- Plant Proteins -- genetics. --- Plant proteins. --- RNA, Untranslated. --- Plant genetic regulation --- Non-coding RNA --- Gene silencing --- Biology --- RNA --- Epigenesis, Genetic --- Gene Expression Regulation --- Nucleic Acids --- Genetic Processes --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Genetic Phenomena --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Disciplines and Occupations --- RNA, Untranslated --- Genetics --- RNA, Plant --- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant --- Gene Silencing --- Botany --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Biophysics --- Plant Ecology --- Plant genetic regulation. --- Plant gene expression. --- fRNA --- Functional RNA --- ncRNA --- nmRNA --- Non-messenger RNA --- Non-translated RNA --- Noncoding RNA --- Nontranslated RNA --- Small non-messenger RNA --- Small RNA --- snmRNA --- sRNA --- Untranslated RNA --- Plant gene expression --- Regulation --- Medicine. --- Human genetics. --- Nucleic acids. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Human Genetics. --- Cell Biology. --- Gene expression --- Plant molecular genetics --- Genetic regulation --- Plant cellular control mechanisms --- Cytology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Systems biology --- Medicine --- Biomaterials. --- Medical genetics. --- Biomedical Research. --- Nucleic Acid. --- Medical Genetics. --- Research. --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Human genetics --- Genetic disorders --- Biological research --- Biomedical research --- Genetic aspects