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In the late nineteenth century, scientists, psychiatrists, and medical practitioners began employing a new experimental technique for the study of neuroses: hypnotism. Though the efforts of the famous French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot to transform hypnosis into a laboratory science failed, his Viennese translator and disciple Sigmund Freud took up the challenge and invented psychoanalysis. Previous scholarship has viewed hypnosis and psychoanalysis in sharp opposition or claimed that both were ultimately grounded in the phenomenon of suggestion and thus equally flawed. In this groundbreaking study, Andreas Mayer reexamines the relationship between hypnosis and psychoanalysis, revealing that the emergence of the familiar Freudian psychoanalytic setting cannot be understood without a detailed analysis of the sites, material and social practices, and controversies within the checkered scientific and medical landscape of hypnotism. Sites of the Unconscious analyzes the major controversies between competing French schools of hypnotism that emerged at this time, stressing their different views on the production of viable evidence and their different ways of deploying hypnosis. Mayer then reconstructs in detail the reception of French hypnotism in German-speaking countries, arguing that the distinctive features of Freud's psychoanalytic setting of the couch emerged out of the clinical laboratories and private consulting rooms of the practitioners of hypnosis.

Hypnotism --- Psychotherapy --- History --- Freud, Sigmund, --- Charcot, J. M.

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The exact legacies of the two Hague Peace Conferences remain unclear. On the one hand, diplomatic and military historians, who cast their gaze to 1914, traditionally dismiss the events of 1899 and 1907 as insignificant footnotes on the path to the First World War. On the other, experts in international law posit that the Hague's foremost legacy lies in the manner in which the conferences progressed the law of war and the concept and application of international justice.

War (International law) --- Pacific settlement of international disputes --- History --- INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCE (2ND : 1907 : HAGUE, NETHERLANDS) --- WAR (INTERNATIONAL LAW)-- HISTORY --- PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES--HISTORY --- INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCE (1ST : 1899 : HAGUE, NETHERLANDS) --- War (International law) - History - 20th century --- Pacific settlement of international disputes - History - 20th century

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Biology