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Agricultural crops --- Crop plants --- Crops --- Culture (Agriculture) --- Cultures --- Cultuurplanten --- Farm crops --- Gewassen --- Grandes cultures --- Industrial crops --- Plantes cultivées à récolter --- Récoltes --- Techniques culturales --- 631.523.11 --- 633 --- 634.1 --- 634.75 --- 635.1/.8 --- 635.54 --- Genes. Germplasm --- Field crops and their production --- Fruit-growing generally --- Strawberries. Fragaria --- Vegetables. Kitchen gardening --- Chicory. Cichorium intybus --- crops --- 635.54 Chicory. Cichorium intybus --- 635.1/.8 Vegetables. Kitchen gardening --- 634.75 Strawberries. Fragaria --- 634.1 Fruit-growing generally --- 633 Field crops and their production --- 631.523.11 Genes. Germplasm --- Plant micropropagation --- In vitro plant propagation --- Micropropagation, Plant --- Plant propagation --- Plants --- Plant cell culture --- Plant tissue culture --- Vegetative propagation --- Farm produce --- Plants, Cultivated --- Agronomy --- Crop science --- Plant products --- In vitro --- Micropropagation --- Basic Sciences. Biotechnology --- Plant Biotechnology.

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biotechnology --- in vitro culture --- propagation --- tree crops --- trees --- Tree crops --- Propagation --- In vitro --- Trees

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Wheat, which is the second most important cereal crop in the world, is being grown in a wide range of climates over an area of about 228 945 thou­ sand ha with a production of about 535 842 MT in the world. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) accounts for 80% of the wheat consumption, howe­ ver, it is attacked by a large number of pests and pathogens; rusts and smuts cause enormous damage to the crop and reduce the yield drastically in some areas. The major breeding objectives for wheat include grain yield, earliness, resistance to lodging and diseases, spikelet fertility, cold tolerance, leaf duration and net assimilation rate, fertilizer utilization, coleoptile length, nutritional value, organoleptic qualities, and the improvement of charac­ ters such as color and milling yield. The breeding of wheat by traditional methods has been practiced for centuries, however, it has only now come to a stage where these methods are insufficient to make any further breakthrough or to cope with the world's demand. Although numerous varieties are released every year around the world, they do not last long, and long-term objectives cannot be realized unless more genetic variability is generated. Moreover, the intro­ duction of exotic genetic stocks and their cultivation over large areas results in the depletion and loss of the native germplasm pool.

Triticum --- Blé --- Wheats --- Biotechnologie --- Biotechnology --- Hybridation --- Hybridization --- Culture d'embryon --- Embryo culture --- Culture d'anthère --- Anther culture --- Triticosecale --- Méthode d'amélioration génétique --- breeding methods --- Culture in vitro --- In vitro culture --- Multiplication des plantes --- Plant propagation --- Multiplication végétative --- Vegetative propagation --- Thinopyrum --- Wheat --- Basic Sciences. Biotechnology --- Biotechnology. --- Micropropagation. --- Plant Biotechnology --- Plant Biotechnology. --- Propagation --- In vitro --- Agriculture. --- Forests and forestry. --- Botany. --- Zoology. --- Cytology. --- Forestry. --- Plant Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Plant science. --- Cell biology. --- Plant Science.

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agriculture --- biotechnology --- in vitro plant propagation --- Plant propagation --- In vitro

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aromatic plants --- economic botany --- ethnobotany --- medicinal plants