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This book was prompted by the current, lingering financial crisis, which has its basis in the disorderly financial practices of the United States. These practices have resulted in an accumulated debt which now requires the United States to run financial policies at artificially low interest rates. In principle, these low interest rates should flood the markets with ready money. Since the spread for banks is very thin, however, and they must carefully discriminate between available risks and finance only those propositions with no risk, credit is not abundantly available. With staggering foreign debt and a myriad of other perils looming, this great nation is at peril for sure. In the tradition of the Heilbronn Symposium, the authors look at historical cases as a means of understanding the current situation and informing possible solutions to a problem that continues to affect the global economy. The volume analyzes cases such as Prussia, Greece, Italy, Estonia, and the European Union. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of economic history as well as policy makers who may benefit from an historical understanding of the economic challenges their countries currently face.

Economics/Management Science. --- Methodology and the History of Economic Thought. --- Economic Policy. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics. --- Economics. --- Economic policy. --- Macroeconomics. --- Economics --- Economie politique --- Politique économique --- Macroéconomie --- Methodology. --- Méthodologie --- Economics_xMethodology. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Financial crises --- History. --- History --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Economic history. --- Methodology/History of Economic Thought. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Crises --- History of Economic Thought/Methodology. --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic

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Social sciences (general) --- Sociology --- Politics --- Economics --- Linguistics --- politieke wetenschappen --- sociologie --- economie --- sociale wetenschappen --- linguïstiek --- economische geschiedenis --- methodologieën

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Physiocracy, or the economic theory that a nation's wealth comes from is agricultural and land development, was a popular school of thought in France in the 18th century. It was short-lived and it did not take long for the counter position, called Antiphysiocracy, to succeed it. Antiphysiokrat (1780) by Johann Friederich (von) Pfeiffer (1718-1787) greatly reduced the impact of the movement in Germany. However, Physiocracy did have some long-term effects, which are especially very relevant today and worthy of closer examination. The movement also has gained renewed interest in recent years because of the emphasis on land and the environment. The main consequence of Physiocracy was the development of forestry the maintenance of forests to ensure sustainability which would become the first of the applied environmental sciences. The other lasting point of Physiocracy is the idea of a single tax on land made popular by Henry George in the late 19th century while Antiphysiocracy has left us with a manifold and complex tax system. The contribution and significance of the Physiocrats and Antiphysiocrats are explored in detail through chapter contributions by economists, philosophers, and social historians. For example, Erik Reinert examines the topic of protective measures and puts it in a broader context in his chapter, which also includes several figures on technological dynamics. This topic is carried further by Sophus Reinert of Cambridge University, who focuses on economic espionage at the time. Enrico Schöbel and Hans Frambach look at the economic policy side of Physiocracy with respect to taxation. Kenneth Carpenter at Harvard shows that it was not the Bible that was the mostly widespread literature in the nineteenth century, as one might expect, but the Pfeiffer-type publications that shaped the knowledge economy. The book concludes that neither the Physiocrats, nor the Antiphysiocrats were pure profit maximizers and that they all had the well-being of the commonwealth in mind. It brings to light previous studies only conducted in German and is the first analysis of Pfeiffer in a century, making the book of interest to any student or scholar of political economy and the history of economic thought.

Social sciences (general) --- Politics --- Economics --- politieke wetenschappen --- economie --- sociale wetenschappen --- economische geschiedenis --- methodologieën

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Economic schools --- sociale wetenschappen --- methodologieën

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Social sciences (general) --- Politics --- politiek --- sociale wetenschappen