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According to the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study, air pollution from fine particulate matter caused 6.4 million premature deaths and 93 billion days lived with illness in 2019. Over the past decade, the toll of ambient air pollution has continued to rise. Air pollution's significant health, social, and economic effects compel the World Bank to support client countries in addressing air pollution as a core development challenge. This publication estimates that the global cost of health damages associated with exposure to air pollution is USD 8.1 trillion, equivalent to 6.1 percent of global GDP. People in low- and middle-income countries are most affected by mortality and morbidity from air pollution. The death rate associated with air pollution is significantly higher in low- and lower-middle-income countries than in high-income countries. This publication further develops the evidence base for air-quality management through up-to-date estimates of air pollution's global economic costs. The analyses presented here build on previous cost estimates by the Bank and its partners, as well as on more comprehensive air-quality data from monitoring stations in many cities across the world. By providing monetary estimates of air pollution's health damages, this publication aims to support policy makers and decision-makers in client countries in prioritizing air pollution amid competing development challenges. Its findings build a robust economic case to invest scarce budgetary resources in the design and implementation of policies and interventions for improving air quality. Such investments will deliver benefits for societies at large, and particularly for vulnerable groups. This publication builds a strong case for scaling up investments for air pollution control in low-and middle-income countries.
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Outdoor air pollution accounts for an estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide, the majority of which are caused by exposure to fine particulate matter (or PM2.5) air pollution. Most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Reducing PM2.5 air pollution is thus crucial for improving public-health outcomes in those countries. Measuring and reducing the health impacts of PM2.5 is especially challenging in many LMICs because ground-level air-quality monitoring networks are typically nonexistent. Where they are in place, they are often not properly operated and maintained and are thus unreliable. Limited local expertise in air-quality measurement presents additional challenges. These shortcomings can undermine a country's ability to design and implement effective policies to improve outdoor air quality. Satellite technology has been used successfully for measuring air quality in high-income countries where operation of ground-level air-quality monitoring networks is well established. However, this publication investigates the performance of satellites in LMICs for predicting outdoor concentrations of PM2.5, based on case studies in nine cities in different regions representing a range of environmental conditions (including mountainous, dusty, and coastal). The report finds that the satellite-derived estimates of PM2.5 in LMICs are associated with very large uncertainty, ranging from 21 percent to 85 percent depending on the model used for translating satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth-the parameter measured by satellites-to surface-level outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. This report shows that satellites are unreliable for estimating ambient concentrations of PM2.5 in LMICs. Furthermore, satellite-derived measurements cannot replace properly operated and maintained ground-level monitoring networks for measuring the concentrations of PM2.5 that human beings are typically exposed to daily. Thus, it is important that LMICs strengthen support for the establishment of ground-level monitoring networks to measure air pollutants, notably PM2.5, that cause mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions with LMICs.
Air --- Artificial satellites in air pollution control. --- Pollution --- Measurement.
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Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Fuels --- Guatemala
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Prioridades ambientales y reduccion de la pobreza en Colombia formula una serie de propuestas dirigidas a reducir el costo de la degradacion ambiental y a la vez apoyar un desarrollo equitativo y sustentable en Colombia. La degradacion ambiental reduce la productividad y aumenta las enfermedades y muertes, particularmente en la poblacion infantil menor a cinco anos. La contaminacion del aire en los centros urbanos, asi como la intradomiciliaria; el deficiente suministro de servicios de agua potable, saneamiento e higiene; los desastres naturales, particularmente las inundaciones y los deslizamientos; y la degradacion del suelo son los problemas ambientales que generan el mayor costo economico y social en Colombia. El costo de estos problemas recae en la mayoria de los casos en los grupos de poblacion mas vulnerables. Prioridades ambientales y reduccion de la pobreza en Colombia analiza la evolucion de la gestion ambiental, a partir de 1950, en un periodo de transicion de una economia rural una urbana. Posteriormente se estudia la problematica ambiental en Colombia y se examinan los costos y beneficios de alternativas para enfrentar cada uno de los problemas identificados como los que afectan la salud humana y tambien los asociados con la vulnerabilidad a desastres naturales, la deforestacion, la erosion y salinizacion de los suelos, la perdida de la biodiversidad, el cambio climatico global y la destruccion de la capa de ozono. Para concluir, se examinan diferentes opciones.
Drinking Water --- Environment Degradation --- Poverty --- Spanish Translation --- Water
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Environmental health --- Poverty --- Industries --- Pollution --- Indoor air pollution --- Fuel --- Environmental aspects --- Health aspects --- Colombia --- Environmental conditions. --- Fuels --- Air --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Industrial production --- Industry --- Destitution --- Environmental quality --- Health --- Health ecology --- Pollution, Indoor --- Gran Colombia --- República de Colombia --- República de Nueva Granada --- United States of Colombia --- Estados Unidos de Colombia --- Kolumbii︠a︡ --- Kolumbien --- Grã-Colômbia --- Neu-Granada --- Power resources --- Sick building syndrome --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Economics --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Public health --- Health risk assessment --- كولومبيا --- Kūlūmbiyā --- 哥伦比亚 --- Gelunbiya --- Colombie --- Колумбия --- コロンビア --- Koronbia --- New Granada --- New Granada (Republic : 1832-1858) --- Granadine Confederation --- Industries, Primitive
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