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This book is the second edition of Environmental Monitoring using GNSS and highlights the latest developments in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). It features a completely new title and additional chapters that present emerging challenges to environmental monitoring—“climate variability/change and food insecurity.”  Since the publication of the first edition, much has changed in both the development and applications of GNSS, a satellite microwave remote sensing technique. It is the first tool to span all four dimensions of relevance to humans (position, navigation, timing and the environment), and it has widely been used for positioning (both by military and civilians), navigation and timing. Its increasing use is leading to a new era of remote sensing that is now revolutionizing the art of monitoring our environment in ways never imagined before. On the one hand, nearly all GNSS satellites (Global Positioning System (GPS), Glo bal Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo and Beidou) have become operational, thereby providing high-precision, continuous, all-weather and near real- time remote sensing multi-signals beneficial to environmental monitoring. On the other hand, the emerging challenges of precisely monitoring climate change and the demand for the production of sufficient food for ever-increasing populations are pushing traditional monitoring methods to their limits. In this regard, refracted GNSS signals (i.e., occulted GNSS signals or GNSS meteorology) are now emerging as sensors of climate variability, while the reflected signals (GNSS reflectometry or GNSS-R) are increasingly finding applications in determining, e.g., soil moisture content, ice and snow thickness, ocean heights, and wind speed and direction, among others. Furthermore, the increasing recognition and application of GNSS-supported unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAV)/drones in agriculture (e.g., through the determination of water holding capacity of soil) highlights the new challenges facing GNSS. As such, this new edition three new chapters address GNSS reflectometry and applications; GNSS sensing of climate variability; and the applications in UAV/drones. Moreover, it explores the application of GNSS to support integrated coastal zone management.

Environmental monitoring. --- Intertial navigation systems. --- Environment. --- Environmental management. --- Nature conservation. --- Water pollution. --- Environmental Management. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Nature Conservation. --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Environmental pollution. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Conservation --- Environmental aspects --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc.

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This book is the second edition of Environmental Monitoring using GNSS and highlights the latest developments in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). It features a completely new title and additional chapters that present emerging challenges to environmental monitoring—“climate variability/change and food insecurity.”  Since the publication of the first edition, much has changed in both the development and applications of GNSS, a satellite microwave remote sensing technique. It is the first tool to span all four dimensions of relevance to humans (position, navigation, timing and the environment), and it has widely been used for positioning (both by military and civilians), navigation and timing. Its increasing use is leading to a new era of remote sensing that is now revolutionizing the art of monitoring our environment in ways never imagined before. On the one hand, nearly all GNSS satellites (Global Positioning System (GPS), Glo bal Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileo and Beidou) have become operational, thereby providing high-precision, continuous, all-weather and near real- time remote sensing multi-signals beneficial to environmental monitoring. On the other hand, the emerging challenges of precisely monitoring climate change and the demand for the production of sufficient food for ever-increasing populations are pushing traditional monitoring methods to their limits. In this regard, refracted GNSS signals (i.e., occulted GNSS signals or GNSS meteorology) are now emerging as sensors of climate variability, while the reflected signals (GNSS reflectometry or GNSS-R) are increasingly finding applications in determining, e.g., soil moisture content, ice and snow thickness, ocean heights, and wind speed and direction, among others. Furthermore, the increasing recognition and application of GNSS-supported unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAV)/drones in agriculture (e.g., through the determination of water holding capacity of soil) highlights the new challenges facing GNSS. As such, this new edition three new chapters address GNSS reflectometry and applications; GNSS sensing of climate variability; and the applications in UAV/drones. Moreover, it explores the application of GNSS to support integrated coastal zone management.

Nature protection --- Water supply. Water treatment. Water pollution --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- drones --- remote sensing --- waterverontreiniging --- milieubeleid --- natuurbescherming --- milieuverontreiniging --- klimaatverandering

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This book is useful to those in water resources management and policy formulations, hydrologists, environmentalists, engineers and researchers. Exploiting advanced statistical techniques and the latest state-of-the-art multi-mission satellites, surface models and reanalysis products, this book provides the first comprehensive weighing of the changes in the Nile River Basin's (NRB: ~ 3,400,000 km2 ) stored waters' compartments, surface, soil moisture and groundwater, and their association to climate variability/change and anthropogenic impacts on the one hand. On the other hand, it argues on the need for equitable use of the NRB's waters by all 11 countries within its basin, and doing away with obsolete Nile treaties that were signed by Britain, Egypt and Sudan, which prohibit the use of the Nile by 8 upstream countries. With Ethiopia's construction of Africa's largest dam (GERD; Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) along the Blue Nile, which is expected to take several years to fill, the Nile is back on the news. Combined with Uganda's Nalubaale, Kiira and Bujagali dams on the White Nile, these human-induced impacts (i.e., damming), coupled with those of climate variability/change, are expected to exacerbate tension with the low stream countries (Egypt and Sudan) fearing the cut in theNile's total volume. Furthermore, the Nile river, arguably the world's longest river (6800 km), impacts on the livelihood of over 300 million people of 11 countries within its basin. This population is expected to double in the next twenty-five years, thereby putting extreme pressure on its water resources. An in-depth analysis of changes in the Nile's stored waters, therefore, is essential to inform its management and sustainable equitable use. Owing to its sheer size, however, obtaining in-situ data from "boots on the ground" is practically impossible, paving way to the space-based weighing of the Nile River Basin using a suite of high spatio-temporal remotely sensed and reanalysis products, as well as those of hydrological models. "Arguably, the Nile River is the most unique river in the world. It spans extremes of rainfall from being measured by meters to being measured by centimeters, from the humid tropics to the driest of deserts. Yet, thirsty people live throughout this basin and therefore the demands on its water resources are uneven. Knowing the water amounts throughout the entire Nile Basin is a critical step for governments and international treaties to avoid the "Tragedy of the Commons". Africa can embrace this future through the leadership of Prof. Awange and others like him who have devoted their careers to Africa's waters" -Doug Alsdorf, Ph.D., Professor of Geophysics at the Ohio State University. .

International relations. Foreign policy --- Hydrosphere --- Water supply. Water treatment. Water pollution --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Physical geography --- hydrologie --- water --- milieubeleid --- internationale betrekkingen --- fysische geografie

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Improved geospatial instrumentation and technology such as in laser scanning has now resulted in millions of data being collected, e.g., point clouds. It is in realization that such huge amount of data requires efficient and robust mathematical solutions that this third edition of the book extends the second edition by introducing three new chapters: Robust parameter estimation, Multiobjective optimization and Symbolic regression.  Furthermore, the linear homotopy chapter is expanded to include nonlinear homotopy. These disciplines are discussed first in the theoretical part of the book before illustrating their geospatial applications in the applications chapters where numerous numerical examples are presented. The renewed electronic supplement contains these new theoretical and practical topics, with the corresponding Mathematica statements and functions supporting their computations introduced and applied. This third edition is renamed in light of these technological advancements.

Cosmic Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Geospatial data --- Geodesy --- Mathematical geography. --- Mathematics. --- Geography, Mathematical --- Data, Geospatial --- Geographic information systems --- Geography --- Astronomical geography --- Geographical positions --- Physical geography. --- Computer science --- Civil engineering. --- Algebra --- Electronic data processing. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Civil Engineering. --- Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation. --- Numeric Computing. --- Data processing. --- ADP (Data processing) --- Automatic data processing --- Data processing --- EDP (Data processing) --- IDP (Data processing) --- Integrated data processing --- Computers --- Office practice --- Engineering --- Public works --- Computer mathematics --- Discrete mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Automation --- Mathematics --- Geophysics. --- Computer mathematics. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Numerical analysis. --- Mathematical analysis --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences

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The book presents modern and efficient methods for solving Geodetic and Geoinformatics algebraic problems. Numerous examples are illustrated with Mathematica using the computer algebra techniques of Ring, Polynomials, Groebner basis, Resultants (including Dixon resultants), Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial and Procrustes algorithms, as well as homotopy methods. While these problems are traditionally solved by approximate methods, this book presents alternative algebraic techniques based on computer algebra tools. ¬ This new approach meets such modern challenges as resection by laser techniques, solution of orientation in Robotics, transformation and bundle block adjustment in Geoinformatics, densification of Engineering networks, analytical solution for GNSS-meteorology and many other problems. For Mathematicians, the book provides some practical examples of the application of abstract algebra and multidimensional scaling.

Geodesy --- Geoinformatics. --- Geomatics --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Practical & Spherical Astronomy --- Mathematics. --- Mathematics --- Earth sciences --- Computer science --- Mathematical analysis. --- Mathematical models. --- 517.1 Mathematical analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Computer mathematics --- Discrete mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Geosciences --- Degrees of latitude and longitude --- Geodetics --- Geography. --- Earth sciences. --- Geographical information systems. --- Remote sensing. --- Computer mathematics. --- Numerical analysis. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Numerical Analysis. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Geophysics --- Mathematical geography --- Surveying --- Cosmography --- World history --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Geography --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics