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Book
Year: 2022 Publisher: Washington, DC : World Bank,
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This paper examines the effect of tradable services growth on non-tradable services across Indian districts. The analysis uses a shift-share "Bartik-type" instrumental variable, which relies on changes in foreign demand shocks for tradable services, weighted by the initial district employment shares in tradable services. Using multiple rounds of the Indian Economic Censuses, the findings show that an increase in tradable services employment leads to an increase in non-tradable services employment and increases the number of firms in non-tradable services. The evidence suggests that this positive impact is due to an increase in consumer demand for local non-tradable services that results from the growth in tradable services employment, and not due to sectoral linkages between tradable and non-tradable services sectors. The employment impact is much larger for female workers compared to male workers, and for the number of female-owned firms relative to male-owned firms. Further, the employment impact is only significant for small non-tradable service firms.
Book
Year: 2022 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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This note aims to help teams implementing interventions to employ firm productivity measures in their projects. It does so by providing guidance on: (a) measuring firm productivity, (b) strengthening theories of change as they relate to firm productivity, and (c) attributing productivity changes to projects. The note begins by first introducing the various productivity measures that can be used. It then discusses how project interventions may be linked to effects on firms and any measure of productivity, through a theory of change. Further, it provides guidance on productivity estimation in practice, before discussing how to attribute actual changes in productivity to project interventions. Finally, the note summarizes the key dos and don'ts for teams working on productivity.
Book
Year: 2020 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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There is a crisis of demand brewing around the globe as social distancing becomes the norm to counter the COVID-19 outbreak. So, which parts of the economy are most in the line of fire? Looking at jobs that can be done at home or that require a high degree of face-to-face interactions with consumers can capture complementary but distinct mechanisms to assess this vulnerability. This paper uses data on 900 job titles from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database for the United States to demonstrate that there is substantial heterogeneity in vulnerability across industries, income groups, and gender. First, industries vary in whether they emphasize face-to-face interactions and home-based work and the two do not always go hand-in-hand. Second, occupations that are less amenable to home-based work are largely concentrated among the lower wage deciles. Third, a larger share of women's employment is accounted for by occupations that are intensive in face-to-face interactions.
Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Face-To-Face Interaction --- Gender and Economics --- Home-Based Work --- Industrial Economics --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Occupational Hazard --- Personal Protective Equipment --- Work and Working Conditions --- Workplace Conditions
Book
Year: 2020 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses worldwide with a focus on developing countries. The results are based on a novel data set collected by the World Bank Group and several partner institutions in 51 countries covering more than 100,000 businesses. The paper provides several stylized facts. First, the COVID-19 shock has been severe and widespread across firms, with persistent negative impact on sales. Second, the employment adjustment has operated mostly along the intensive margin (that is leave of absence and reduction in hours), with a small share of firms laying off workers. Third, smaller firms are disproportionately facing greater financial constraints. Fourth, firms are increasingly relying on digital solutions as a response to the shock. Fifth, there is great uncertainty about the future, especially among firms that have experienced a larger drop in sales, which is associated with job losses. These findings provide a better understanding of the magnitude and distribution of the shock, the main channels affecting businesses, and how firms are adjusting. The paper concludes by discussing some avenues for future research.
Bankruptcy and Resolution Of Financial Distress --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Emerging Markets --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Entrepreneurship --- Firm Performance --- Information and Communication Technology --- Layoffs --- Pandemic Impact --- Private Sector Economics --- Sales Revenue --- Small and Medium Size Enterprise --- Small and Medium Size Enterprises --- Technology Adoption --- Uncertainty
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