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The concept of heritage relates to the ways in which contemporary society uses the past as a social, political or economic resource. However, heritage is open to interpretation and its value may be perceived from differing perspectives - often reflecting divisions in society. Moreover, the schism between the cultural and economic uses of heritage also gives rise to potential conflicts of interest.Examining these issues in depth, this book is the first sustained attempt to integrate the study of heritage into contemporary human geography. It is structured around three themes: the diversity of use and consumption of heritage as a multi-sold cultural and economic resource; the conflicts and tensions arising from this multiplicity of uses, producers and consumers; and the relationship between heritage and identity at a variety of scales.
Historic preservation --- Historic sites --- Human geography. --- Group identity. --- Cultural policy. --- Multiculturalism. --- Intellectual life --- State encouragement of science, literature, and art --- Culture --- Popular culture --- Cultural diversity policy --- Cultural pluralism --- Cultural pluralism policy --- Ethnic diversity policy --- Multiculturalism --- Social policy --- Anti-racism --- Ethnicity --- Cultural fusion --- Collective identity --- Community identity --- Cultural identity --- Social identity --- Identity (Psychology) --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Preservation, Historic --- Preservationism (Historic preservation) --- Cultural property --- Social aspects. --- Economic aspects. --- Conservation and restoration. --- Government policy --- Protection --- North America --- Europe --- Australia --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Ahitereiria --- Aostralia --- Ástralía --- ʻAukekulelia --- Austraalia --- Austraalia Ühendus --- Australian Government --- Australie --- Australien --- Australiese Gemenebes --- Aŭstralii︠a︡ --- Australija --- Austrālijas Savienība --- Australijos Sandrauga --- Aŭstralio --- Australské společenství --- Ausztrál Államszövetség --- Ausztrália --- Avstralii︠a︡ --- Avstraliĭski sŭi︠u︡z --- Avstraliĭskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Avstraliĭskii︠a︡t sŭi︠u︡z --- Avstralija --- Awstralia --- Awstralja --- Awstralya --- Aystralia --- Commonwealth of Australia --- Cymanwlad Awstralia --- Državna zaednica Avstralija --- Government of Australia --- Ḳehiliyat Osṭralyah --- Koinopoliteia tēs Aystralias --- Komanwel Australia --- Komonveltot na Avstralija --- Komonwelt sa Awstralya --- Komunaĵo de Aŭstralio --- Komunejo de Aŭstralio --- Kūmunwālth al-Usturālī --- Mancomunidad de Australia --- Mancomunitat d'Austràlia --- Negara Persemakmuran Australia --- New Holland --- Nova Hollandia --- Osṭralyah --- Ōsutoraria --- Persemakmuran Australia --- Samveldið Ástralía --- Usṭralyah --- Usturāliyā --- Whakaminenga o Ahitereiria --- Κοινοπολιτεία της Αυστραλίας --- Αυστραλία --- Аўстралія --- Австралия --- Австралија --- Австралийски съюз --- Австралийският съюз --- Австралийский Союз --- Комонвелтот на Австралија --- Државна заедница Австралија --- אוסטרליה --- קהיליית אוסטרליה --- أستراليا --- كومنولث الأسترالي --- オーストラリア --- Turtle Island (Continent) --- Human geography --- cultural pluralism --- national identity --- living conditions --- history --- cultural transmission --- Géographie humaine --- Pluralisme culturel --- Identité nationale --- Histoire --- përhapja e kulturës --- seachadadh cultúrtha --- kultūras nodošana --- transmiterea culturală --- prenos kulture --- culturele transmissie --- trasmissione culturale --- prijenos kulture --- trasmisión cultural --- kulttuurin välittäminen --- kulturspridning --- kulturális közvetítés --- kulturformidling --- tixrid tal-kultura --- kultúrny prenos --- dyfuzja kulturowa --- διάδοση του πολιτισμού --- ширење културе --- kulturelle Übertragung --- kulturní přenos --- kultuurilevi --- transmission culturelle --- разпространение на културата --- kultūros skleidimas --- transmissão da cultura --- ширење култура --- kultūrinė sklaida --- распространување култура --- diffusion de la culture --- kultuuri levitamine --- divulgazione della cultura --- difuzarea culturală --- difusão da cultura --- diffusione della cultura --- upowszechnianie kultury --- propagazione della cultura --- razširjanje kulture --- kulturöverföring --- kulturell spridning --- kultúra terjesztése --- diffużjoni tal-kultura --- difusión cultural --- disseminazzjoni kulturali --- kulturspredning --- diffusion culturelle --- предаване на култура --- verspreiding van de cultuur --- šírenie kultúry --- промовирање култура --- širenje kulture --- kultūras izplatīšana --- a kultúra terjesztése --- culturele verspreiding --- răspândirea culturii --- kultúrne šírenie --- kultúraterjesztés --- širjenje kulture --- μεταλαμπάδευση του πολιτισμού --- cultural dissemination --- Verbreitung von Kultur --- udbredelse af kultur --- dffusione culturale --- μετάδοση του πολιτισμού --- dissemination of culture --- Kulturverbreitung --- разпространение на култура --- divulgazione culturale --- kulturní šíření --- εξάπλωση των πολιτιστικών παραδόσεων --- kulttuuritarjonta --- difusión de la cultura --- diseminacija kulture --- trażmissjoni kulturali --- divulgação da cultura --- šíření kultury --- História --- ιστορία --- storja --- histori --- historie --- historia --- história --- история --- stair --- geschiedenis --- történettudomány --- povijest --- zgodovina --- histoire --- историја --- Geschichtswissenschaft --- storia --- istorija --- ajalugu --- vēsture --- istorie --- Geschichte --- historiografie --- storiografia --- dějiny národů --- historiador --- dějepis --- historická věda --- történelem --- condiții de viață --- condition de vie --- συνθήκες διαβίωσης --- uvjeti života --- životní podmínky --- kushte jetese --- gyvenimo sąlygos --- condizioni di vita --- elamistingimused --- življenjske razmere --- Lebensbedingungen --- levensomstandigheden --- условия на живот --- levnadsvillkor --- životné podmienky --- condições de vida --- poziom życia --- kundizzjonijiet tal-għixien --- услови за живот --- életkörülmények --- elinolot --- животни услови --- dzīves apstākļi --- condición de vida --- dálaí maireachtála --- levevilkår --- levevis --- spôsob života --- elutingimused --- životní styl --- zlepšenie životných podmienok --- modo de vida --- način života --- titjib tal-kundizzjonijiet tal-għixien --- életritmus --- življenjski stil --- elämänrytmi --- elämäntyyli --- ритам на живеење --- levnadssätt --- življenjski ritem --- livsrytm --- életkörülmények javulása --- gyvenimo stilius --- styl życia --- τύπος ζωής --- gyvenimo sąlygų gerinimas --- начин на живот --- dzīves apstākļu uzlabošana --- elustiil --- темпо на живот --- ритъм на живот --- genre de vie --- lifestyle --- Lebensart --- izboljšanje življenjskih razmer --- életmód --- Lebensweise --- livsrytme --- mod de viață --- amélioration des conditions de vie --- elutingimuste parandamine --- ρυθμός της ζωής --- stil života --- životný rytmus --- rytm życia --- poboljšanje uvjeta života --- mënyrë e jetesës --- genere di vita --- stile di vita --- Lebensstil --- животен стил --- livsstil --- levnadsstil --- gyvenimo būdas --- verbetering van levensomstandigheden --- ritmo di vita --- poprawa warunków życia --- начин живота --- животни стил --- tip ta' ħajja --- warunki życiowe --- levensstijl --- mejora de las condiciones de vida --- βελτίωση των συνθηκών διαβίωσης --- pace of life --- îmbunătățirea condițiilor de trai --- životní rytmus --- стил на живот --- miglioramento delle condizioni di vita --- stil de viață --- življenjski slog --- improvement of living conditions --- stil ta' ħajja --- përmirësim i kushteve të jetesës --- életfeltételek --- όροι διαβίωσης --- eluviis --- način življenja --- zlepšení životních podmínek --- elinolojen parantaminen --- ritmu tal-ħajja --- elämäntapa --- levenswijze --- levensvoorwaarde --- ritmo de vida --- τρόπος ζωής --- forbedring af levevilkår --- dzīves ritms --- género de vida --- gyvenimo ritmas --- životný štýl --- dzīvesveids --- estilo de vida --- подобрување на условите за живот --- mode de vie --- Verbesserung der Lebensbedingungen --- způsob života --- modo di vita --- ritëm i jetës --- livsvillkor --- way of life --- подобряване на условията на живот --- ritm de viață --- életfeltételek javulása --- style de vie --- elurütm --- életstílus --- Lebensrhythmus --- stil jete --- förbättring av levnadsvillkor --- melhoria das condições de vida --- rythme de vie --- identità nazionale --- identidad nacional --- identità nazzjonali --- kansallinen identiteetti --- национален идентитет --- identitet kombëtar --- féiniúlacht náisiúnta --- tautinė tapatybė --- tożsamość narodowa --- nacionalni identitet --- nacionalna identiteta --- национални идентитет --- national identitet --- nationale identiteit --- národná identita --- Εθνική ταυτότητα --- identité nationale --- národní identita --- nemzeti identitás --- rahvuslik identiteet --- identidade nacional --- nacionālā apziņa --- nationale Identität --- национална идентичност --- nationell identitet --- identitate națională --- nation-state --- εθνική συνείδηση --- nationell medvetenhet --- nationalstat --- stato-nazione --- Estado-nação --- národní kultura --- rahvuskultuur --- národná kultúra --- cultură națională --- nemzeti tudat --- nationell kultur --- национална свест --- национално самосъзнание --- έθνος-κράτος --- nation state --- nationale Kultur --- culture nationale --- nacionālā kultūra --- stato nazionale --- nemzeti öntudat --- národné povedomie --- nemzettudat --- nationaal bewustzijn --- nacionalna kultura --- εθνικός πολιτισμός --- świadomość narodowa --- ndërgjegje kombëtare --- tautinė valstybė --- kultura narodowa --- nacionalna zavest --- national kultur --- nationale cultuur --- national culture --- národný štát --- tautinė savimonė --- tautinis tapatumas --- national bevidsthed --- kulturë kombëtare --- conciencia nacional --- Nationalgefühl --- państwo narodowe --- komb shtet --- nationales Bewusstsein --- stat-națiune --- cultura nazionale --- conștiință națională --- poczucie przynależności narodowej --- narod-država --- cultura nacional --- národní stát --- nācijvalsts --- Nationalbewusstsein --- rahvuslik teadvus --- natiestaat --- conscience nationale --- национална култура --- consciência nacional --- tautinė kultūra --- държава-нация --- kansallinen tietoisuus --- национална држава --- kansallisvaltio --- coscienza nazionale --- kansallinen kulttuuri --- rahvusriik --- nemzeti kultúra --- Estado nación --- national consciousness --- shtet komb --- état-nation --- l-Awstralja --- Аустралија --- Australië --- Ausztrália --- Austrálie --- Αυστραλία --- Austrālija --- Austrália --- An Astráil --- Avstralska zveza --- Commonwealth d’Australie --- Комонвелт на Австралија --- il-Commonwealth tal-Awstralja --- Związek Australijski --- Australský svaz --- Државна Заедница на Австралија --- Komonuelthi i Australisë --- Austrálsky zväz --- Австралийски съюз --- Australiska statsförbundet --- Comunitatea Australiană --- Austrālijas Savienība --- Comunidade da Austrália --- Ausztrál Államszövetség --- Commonwealth de Australia --- Australian liittovaltio --- Koмонвелт Аустралије --- Gemenebest Australië --- Commonwealth of Australien --- Κοινοπολιτεία της Αυστραλίας --- Eiropa --- An Eoraip --- Ευρώπη --- Ewropa --- Europa --- Euroopa --- Eurooppa --- Европа --- Európa --- Evropa --- țări europene --- Europese landen --- země Evropy --- Euroopa riigid --- evropské státy --- países europeus --- evropské země --- европски земји --- European countries --- europæiske lande --- ευρωπαϊκές χώρες --- país europeo --- Euroopan maat --- paesi europei --- nazioni europee --- európske krajiny --- país de Europa --- európai országok --- Europos šalys --- pays européens --- státy Evropy --- Europese staten --- vende europiane --- europäische Länder --- europeiska länder --- Noord-Amerika --- Põhja-Ameerika --- Ameryka Północna --- Amérique du Nord --- Sjeverna Amerika --- América del Norte --- América do Norte --- Šiaurės Amerika --- Észak-Amerika --- Severna Amerika --- Βόρεια Αμερική --- Meiriceá Thuaidh --- Nordamerika --- America del Nord --- Severní Amerika --- Amerika e Veriut --- Pohjois-Amerikka --- Severná Amerika --- Amerika ta’ Fuq --- Северна Америка --- Ziemeļamerika --- America de Nord --- angolszász Amerika --- America anglosassone --- anglosaxiska Amerika --- anglosaská Amerika --- América anglosajona --- angolajkú Amerika --- Angloamerika --- Amérique anglo-saxonne --- América Anglo-Saxónica --- engelsktalende Amerika --- Angelsaksisch Amerika --- kulturell mångfald --- kulturní pluralismus --- kultūru daudzveidīgums --- culturele verscheidenheid --- културен плурализъм --- kultuuride paljusus --- kulttuurin monimuotoisuus --- pluralism cultural --- pluralizëm kulturor --- културни плурализам --- wielokulturowość --- kulturni pluralizem --- iolrachas cultúrtha --- kultūrinis pliuralizmas --- pluralismo cultural --- pluralisme culturel --- kultúrny pluralizmus --- pluralismo culturale --- multikulturalnost --- πολιτιστικός πλουραλισμός --- kulturelle Vielfalt --- културен плурализам --- kulturális pluralizmus --- pluraliżmu kulturali --- kulturel pluralisme --- multikulturāla sabiedrība --- mångkulturalism --- diversitate culturală --- diversidade cultural --- dvojkultúra --- monikulttuurisuus --- kultūrų pliuralizmas --- kulturális sokszínűség --- kultúrna rozmanitosť --- kulturel mangfoldighed --- diversité culturelle --- културна разноличност --- kaksikulttuurisuus --- diversità kulturali --- shoqëri multikulturore --- културна разноврсност --- multikulturalizmus --- pluralita kultur --- bikulturalizëm --- kultuuriline mitmekesisus --- pluralitatea culturilor --- dubbele cultuur --- cultureel pluralisme --- kulturna raznolikost --- culturele diversiteit --- biculturalismo --- societate multiculturală --- πολιτιστική πολυφωνία --- multicultural society --- plurality of cultures --- kulttuurinen moninaisuus --- kultūrinė įvairovė --- mitmekultuuriline ühiskond --- bikulturālisms --- kultūru daudzveidība --- kulturní rozmanitost --- priklausymas dviem kultūroms --- multiculturalismo --- rozmanitosť kultúr --- multikulturalisme --- multikulturális társadalom --- sameksistens mellem to kulturer --- mnohokultúrna spoločnosť --- daugiakultūrė visuomenė --- diversità culturale --- мултикултурно друштво --- diversidad cultural --- mångkulturalitet --- mitmekultuurilisus --- společnost mnoha kultur --- мултикултурализам --- cultural diversity --- dvojí kultura --- multiculturalisme --- biculturalism --- културно многообразие --- kulturni pluralizam --- Kulturpluralismus --- bikulturalizmus --- multiculturaliteit --- πολιτισμική πολυμορφία --- różnorodność kulturowa --- културна разноликост --- biculturalisme --- мултикултурно општество --- πολιτιστική συνύπαρξη --- shumësi e kulturave --- rozmanitost kultur --- културна различност --- humángeográfia --- geografie umană --- väestömaantiede --- geografia umana --- geografía humana --- geografia humana --- демогеографија --- géographie humaine --- ανθρωπογεωγραφία --- antropogeografia --- Humangeografie --- humangeografi --- хуманитарна география --- inimgeograafia --- ġeografija umana --- befolkningsgeografi --- gjeografi humane --- geografaíocht dhaonna --- cilvēka ģeogrāfija --- хумана географија --- gyventojų geografija --- humánna geografia --- družbena geografija --- sociale geografie --- humánní geografie --- demogeografija --- anthropogeography --- antropogeografie --- општествена географија --- humánföldrajz --- antropogeografija --- sociální geografie --- хуманитарна географија --- Humangeographie --- antropogjeografi --- antropogeografi --- антропогеографија --- emberföldrajz
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Studying the geography of the tourist city aims at increasing our understanding of the patterns of interaction between spatial aspects of tourism in the inner city. The aim is not only to conceptualize the different ways tourism expresses itself spatially, but also to study the interaction between these different tourism-related aspects. It also aims at developing a methodology to quantify the different spatial aspects of tourism in an indicator set. We investigate whether modelling these different locational aspects and interactions using GIS and multivariate techniques can provide new fundamental insights about the mechanics of the tourist geography within an inner city. We also demonstrate how this insight into the urban tourism system can be applied in urban tourism policy and visitor management. As a basic ordering principle for the different thematic and spatial concepts of inner city tourism, a systems approach is used. This means that spatial reality is deconstructed into its essential elements and their properties. Interaction within the system environment is conceptualized, per element, by reserving a set of exogenous properties, influenced by forces exterior to the system. Also each element has attribute groups that indicate interaction with, or are influenced by, the other elements of the system. However, interaction, element and system can be interpreted both substantially and spatially. To account for this, a distinction is made between the tourism interaction system and the urban tourism system. In geography, place has a physical/material aspect, but also a symbolic and interpretative meaning. Place is produced and consumed by specific groups of actors, who are in their turn influenced by it. This double dyadic approach – place as physical and mental entity and actor as consumer and producer – can also be used to deconstruct the tourist place into its essential elements. The idea is also used, albeit not always in an explicit way, in some very important tourism models. In the “tourism attraction systems” model (Leiper, 1990), an attraction is seen as a strong interaction between nucleus, tourist and marker, which consists of physical locational elements, the tourist as an essential actor, but also symbolic/interpretative elements expressed in the informational marker aspect. What is missing in this model is that groups of actors are also involved in the production of this marker (narratives, interpretation of the place). This idea is present in the “tourism transformation model” (Dietvorst, 1995), where the material and symbolic assemblage of a place for tourism is accounted for, both by consumers and producers. The synthesis of those ideas and conceptualization within the systems approach, results in the tourist interaction system. The tourism interaction system consists of four essential elements, of which two are spatial: the nucleus as an expression of the physical aspects of place; the marker as an expression of its symbolic, interpretative, mental aspects. The two other elements are human, with one actor group mainly involved with the consumption of the place – the tourist – and the other mainly by shaping the place and making it conform to tourist use – the supplier. Each of these four elements of the system have, according to the systems approach, certain characteristics that are exogenous of the system, and characteristics that are based upon interaction with the other elements of the system. Each place is a tourism interaction system on its own, but the inner city is also a spatial aggregate of different tourism interaction systems. Each site/location on its own can be seen as an entity with material and symbolic/interpretative aspects, and a place to be influenced by tourists and suppliers or, in turn, influencing their behaviour. However, each site can also be evaluated in a spatial relation with the other tourism interaction systems. The concept of the urban tourism system must be perceived as the spatial configuration of tourism interaction systems within the scope of the inner city, in which spatial concentration and networks are very important ordering principles. Spatial concentration can be the result of exogenous forces of the urban system as a whole (shopping streets, restaurant/cafe squares, historical conjuncts), but can also be intensified by spatial concentration in tourism behaviour and in concentration of tourism-oriented services (e.g., street furniture, concentration of tourism-oriented restaurants, souvenir shops). Concentration of the tourist city can also be influenced by a spatial selectivity within the symbolic tourism space: selection of sites, districts, etc.,which are mentioned in tourism information, while other locations are left out. Networks can be organizational (strategic alliances between tourism suppliers within the inner city), but also spatial. They can be exogenous to the urban tourism system in the sense that they may be conditional to the internal accessibility of the city, but not an expression of tourism in itself. Other networks are spatial and specifically tourist in nature, for example tourist signposting, organized sightseeing tours, and most especially the way the tourist him/herself establishes a tourist network by his/her spatial behaviour. The aggregation of individual tourist networks can be a very strong indicator of spatial interaction within the tourist city. In the second part of the study only the spatial aspects of the tourist interaction system and urban tourism system are taken into account. This means that only the nucleus and marker elements will be studied, and characteristics that are influenced by tourists and suppliers are taken into account. Although we are aware that in reality the configuration of urban tourist space also influences the behaviour of tourists and suppliers, these parts of the equation are left out of the empirical analysis. As an ideal platform for inventorying and analyzing locational phenomena and characteristics, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are proposed. The aim is to develop a methodology that allows us to: Construct indicators and to collect the appropriate data - in the most appropriate spatial unit - to measure the different characteristics of nucleus and marker, which are: Exogenous and in a way conditional for entering the tourism interaction system; Indicative of the extent of tourist involvement ; Directly influenced by the supplier, conforming it to tourist use; Establish the most relevant tourist networks that are inherent to the system and to collect appropriate data to reveal specific tourist networks in the inner city; Look for analytical techniques that measure the degree of interaction, interdependency between the different aspects of nucleus and marker, and the interrelationships between nucleus and marker themselves – t.m. techniques that are in essence multivariate; Choose methods for analyzing spatial variations in the tourist city, e.g. degree of concentration/dispersion; Find appropriate methods of analysis that take into account both substantial (multivariate) and spatial interaction. The proposed indicator set, the multitude of different aspects for which data collection was required and the time-consuming and labour-intensive nature of the required techniques, argued in favour of a confinement to one case study: the inner city of Ghent. The city was chosen as an example of a medium-sized historical city. This scale level is important to make the inventory of the tourism indicators feasible, but also to account for enough intra-urban diversity in the analysis. The city council also conducts an active policy in tourist and recreational development. It has fostered different research programs to prepare the document “strategic planning for tourism in Ghent”, but also to enhance fundamental understanding of the way the inner city works as a visitor destination (spatial recreational behaviour of inhabitants, recreationists and tourists). In this latter respect the city council provided invaluable existing datasets and the opportunity for conducting a survey concerning visitor motives, activities and walking routes. In order to register the spatial aspects of the supply side of tourism, a combination was made of a dataset on shops and restaurants (available through the city council of Ghent) and information based on tourist guides, maps and websites. The characteristics of the visitors/tourists were identified by means of a survey. At the end of the day the tourist was asked to reconstruct his/her walking route, including the location and the type of stops. The respondents were also asked about socio-demographic and motivational aspects and to give their views on the most symbolic and attractive places in the city. After the phase of data collection, the different datasets were integrated in a Geographical Information System and rescaled to similar territorial units (street segments). The resulting dataset could then be used as an input for multivariate data analysis and pattern analysis. The research focuses on analysis of interdependency, multivariability, and the possibility to integrate spatial proximity as an extra variable in the analysis. Interdependency and multivariability can be obtained using techniques such as factor and cluster analysis; it can be used to analyze congruence between the different indicators of the tourism interaction system within the chosen spatial units, and to compare different units in that respect. However, it does not account - in a pure mathematical way - for spatial agglomerative effects and networking, so the properties of the urban tourism system (relative position, concentration, networking) have to be analyzed by map interpretation. The classic methods of pattern analysis are also not explicitly multivariate in nature; concentrations of one particular phenomenon can be measured but to compare it with other concentration/dispersion patterns, different maps have to be compared. The most adequate method to summarize a spatial pattern visually and compare different patterns in one single map is the standard deviational circle. As a result, a combination of cluster analysis, the use of standard deviational circles and map interpretation was proposed as an analytic methodology. The interpretation of the results showed that socio-demographic variables are not conclusive in the explanation of the spatial behaviour of tourists. Spatial tourist behaviour is stereotypic, clearly conditioned by the spatial structure of the area and strongly concentrated around the top five important sights and the main shopping streets and restaurant concentrations. Beyond these core areas hardly any tourist stops are performed (monument visit, shop or restaurant visit). The survey results indicate a slight difference between two tourist groups. The differences in spatial behaviours seem to be related to an interdependence between the variables: age, type of activities and frequency of visit. Younger visitors tend to visit the city less than once a month and are mainly focused on shopping, whereas first-time visitors are generally older and visit more monuments and museums. This explains why they are more oriented to the northern part of the inner city. In the tourist city understood as a symbolic and interpretative entity, a spatial hierarchy of places can be noted. There is the core area with a spatial concentration of ‘top attractions’, according to the Michelin Green Guide, and appreciated as the most symbolic and attractive spots in the inner city by the tourists. Clearly these sites are also treated as focal points in the destination tourism planning. The secondary symbolic layer consists of tourist attractions that are less marked in the international image building and mainly mentioned in promotion material geared to the home market. They are considered as secondary focal points in the destination tourism planning. The third symbolic layer consists of places that are mentioned in local tourist guides only and not included in the local tourist map. The confrontation between the material tourist city and symbolic tourist city suggests that the spatial behaviour of tourists is concentrated and this correlates with the locations mentioned as the most symbolic and/or attractive. There is not only spatial selectivity among the most important symbols and attractive places, but also thematic selectivity. Mostly they are the enigmatic historical buildings and squares, in which cafes, restaurants and terraces could possibly account for maximum attractivity (Graslei as the most attractive place in the city). Shopping areas and streets are also mentioned, but tend to assume a secondary role in tourist imagery about the city. Further use of the results of spatial analyses for urban policy and visitor management is not always straightforward due to the fact that policy recommendations depend on concrete objectives formulated by the city: what do they want for urban tourism? The results, however, can be used to gain more insight in the combined presence/absence of different aspects of the tourism interaction system in different places in the city, for example: Places where a strong imposition of brand identity (coding, symbolification by suppliers) is not followed by brand image (perception imagery and tourist experience); Spots where tourism development efforts (e.g. also by brand identity, inserting it into tourist trails, etc.) are not succeeded by tourist presence or tourist activities; Possibly also areas where a strong commodification by the tourist supplier has a negative impact on tourist perception and experience. The results of this research into the actual functioning of the urban tourism system, the symbolic connotations and their impact on the spatial behaviour of visitors, open new perspectives for the management of spatial interactions in general, tourism destination and visitor management in particular, and the decision-supporting role of GIS-based spatial analysis. The methods can be used in other medium-sized historic cities, and the patterns and interdependencies can be evaluated according to local objectives of tourist city planning and visitor management. The study can be reproduced in other cities, given the fact that the urban supply structure is at one point available in a Geographical Information System and is regularly updated, given the fact that coding of urban sights, buildings, etc., in local, national and international tourist brochures and websites is monitored and made comparable. The most difficult aspect to reproduce and maintain, however, is the tracking of tourist behaviour. Even if technological advancements make it possible to have a more accurate track of individual tourist behaviour and to process it more quickly in a GIS system, it is nonetheless an extremely difficult task to monitor a representative sample of tourism behaviour within the city. This is due not only to the difficulty of singling out the “typical tourist” from other types of city users, but also to the fact that tourist are hard to “grasp” because of their brief presence and volatile behaviour within the city. Deze studie heeft als doelstelling een inzicht te krijgen in het patroon van en de samenhang tussen ruimtelijke lokaliseerbare aspecten van toerisme in de binnenstad. In de conceptualisering van de toeristische stad wordt met verschillende ruimtelijke dimensies rekening gehouden. Enerzijds worden fysiek-materiële aspecten (de nucleus) van de binnenstad in beschouwing genomen, waarbij een onderscheid gemaakt wordt tussen ruimtelijke patroonkenmerken die als gegeven kunnen beschouwd worden en waarop stedelijk toerisme gebaseerd is. Dit kunnen morfologische (bouwkundige gehelen, straten, pleinen, parken) aspecten van het binnenstedelijke weefsel zijn, zowel als functionele aspecten: stedelijke functies en voorzieningen zoals monumenten, musea, winkels en horeca. Bovendien zijn er materiële ruimtelijke kenmerken die inherent kunnen beschouwd worden aan de toeristische stad als systeem, zoals de manier waarop stedelijke voorzieningen door toeristische aanbieders verder worden uitgebouwd voor toeristisch gebruik en de manier waarop de toerist zich in de binnenstad beweegt (looproutes) en welke activiteiten hij/zij uitvoert en waar. Anderzijds zijn er de symbolisch-interpretatieve kenmerken (de marker): de configuratie van symbolische geladen “plaatsen”, beeldbepalers in de binnenstad zoals deze bestaan in de collectieve, niet-toeristische beeldvorming rond een bepaalde plaats, en de manier waarop vanuit toeristische promotie/marketing hieruit elementen, bezienswaardigheden worden geselecteerd (stadsplannen, toeristische gidsen). Deze kenmerken beïnvloeden de toeristische stad als symbolische entiteit. In de beeldvorming van de toerist is deze entiteit eerder interpretatief te beschouwen, nl. als een configuratie van de plekken en bezienswaardigheden waaraan een symbolische of affectieve waarde wordt toegedicht. In het tweede luik van het onderzoek wordt aangeduid hoe de ruimtelijke
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