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The authors use newly collected data on trade and production in 178 countries to infer estimates of trade costs in agriculture and manufactured goods for the 1995-2010 period The data show that trade costs are strongly declining in per capita income Moreover, the rate of change of trade costs is largely unfavorable to the developing world: trade costs are fing noticeably faster in developed countries than in developing ones, which serves to increase the relative isolation of the latter In particular, Sub-Saharan African countries and low-income countries remain subject to very high levels of trade costs In terms of policy implications, the analysis finds that maritime transport connectivity and logistics performance are very important determinants of bilateral trade costs: in some specifications, their combined effect is comparable to that of geographical distance Traditional and non-traditional trade policies more genery, including market entry barriers and regional integration agreements, play a significant role in shaping the trade costs landscape.

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This book aims to help the policymaker and development community in general to understand the nature of the problems and policy dilemmas that landlocked countries face to trade with the rest of the World. This volume presents an important breakthrough in the literature, by focusing on a new conceptual framework that challenges the previous paradigm based on physical infrastructure and state-led access solutions, embodied in many treaties. By recognizing that the main access problems for landlocked countries occur in the territory of the transit country, this volume provides a new approach to u

Developing countries --Commerce. --- Developing countries --Economic conditions. --- Landlocked states. --- Transit by land (International law). --- Transit, International --Developing countries. --- Transportation --Developing countries. --- Transportation --- Transit, International --- Transit by land (International law) --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Developing countries --- Economic conditions. --- Commerce. --- International transit --- Land-locked states --- States, Landlocked --- Access to the sea (International law) --- International law