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Low and highly volatile growth define Africa's growth experience. But there is no evidence that growth volatility is associated to long term economic performance. This result may be misleading if it suggests that volatility is not important for economic and social progress. In this paper we use a variant of the method developed by Hausmann, Pritchett, and Rodrik (2005) to identify both growth acceleration and deceleration episodes in Africa between 1975 and 2005. The authors find that Africa has had numerous growth acceleration episodes in the last 30 years, but also nearly a comparable number of growth collapses, offsetting most of the benefits of growth. Had Africa avoided its growth collapses, it would have grown 1.7 percent a year instead of 0.7 percent, and its GDP per capita would have been more than 30 percent higher in 2005. The authors also find that growth accelerations and decelerations have an asymmetric impact on human development outcomes. Finally, our results suggest that it is easier to identify the likely institutional and policy origins of growth decelerations than of growth accelerations.

Country Data --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic Growth --- Economic Performance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Growth Performance --- Growth Rate --- Growth Rates --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Nutrition --- Per Capita Income --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Public Policy --- Social Outcomes

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Using the most recent purchasing power parity data for 44 sub-Saharan African countries, this paper examines the characteristics of long run growth in Africa between 1975 and 2005. The authors investigate the following issues: cross-country income structure, income convergence, the country level distribution of income, growth and income persistence, and formation of convergence clubs.

Average Growth Rate --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic Growth --- Economic Performance --- Economic Theory and Research --- Gross Domestic Product --- Growth Performance --- Growth Volatility --- Income --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Long-Run Growth --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity

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This paper investigates the impact of trade liberalization on gender wage discrimination. The authors employ a simple method that is able to capture the direct impacts of openness at the industry level on the gender wages. The authors find evidence that increasing openness is associated with narrowing wage gap, which results mainly from men's wages declining. This is consistent with the Becker's (1957) proposition that competition reduces discrimination in the labor market. The plan of the paper is as follows : 1) Section one introduces; 2) Section two presents the trade liberalization in Brazil; 3) Section three presents the data, strategy and results; and 4) Section four concludes.

Competition --- Employment --- Gender --- Gender and Economics --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor --- Trade Liberalization

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"A copublication of the Agence francaise de developpement and the World Bank."--T.p.

Sex discrimination in employment -- Africa. --- Sexual division of labor -- Africa. --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Sexual division of labor --- Labor market --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Business & Economics --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Division of labor by sex --- Supply and demand --- Markets --- Division of labor --- Sex role --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Sex role in the work environment --- Women --- Employment