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Number theory, an ongoing rich area of mathematical exploration, is noted for its theoretical depth, with connections and applications to other fields from representation theory, to physics, cryptography, and more. While the forefront of number theory is replete with sophisticated and famous open problems, at its foundation are basic, elementary ideas that can stimulate and challenge beginning students. This lively introductory text focuses on a problem-solving approach to the subject. Key features of Number Theory: Structures, Examples, and Problems: * A rigorous exposition starts with the natural numbers and the basics. * Important concepts are presented with an example, which may also emphasize an application. The exposition moves systematically and intuitively to uncover deeper properties. * Topics include divisibility, unique factorization, modular arithmetic and the Chinese Remainder Theorem, Diophantine equations, quadratic residues, binomial coefficients, Fermat and Mersenne primes and other special numbers, and special sequences. Sections on mathematical induction and the pigeonhole principle, as well as a discussion of other number systems are covered. * Unique exercises reinforce and motivate the reader, with selected solutions to some of the problems. * Glossary, bibliography, and comprehensive index round out the text. Written by distinguished research mathematicians and renowned teachers, this text is a clear, accessible introduction to the subject and a source of fascinating problems and puzzles, from advanced high school students to undergraduates, their instructors, and general readers at all levels.

Number theory --- Number theory. --- Number study --- Numbers, Theory of --- Algebra --- Mathematics. --- Algebra. --- Combinatorics. --- Number Theory. --- Mathematics, general. --- Combinatorics --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematics --- Math --- Science --- Zahlentheorie.

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It is impossible to imagine modern mathematics without complex numbers. Complex Numbers from A to . . . Z introduces the reader to this fascinating subject that, from the time of L. Euler, has become one of the most utilized ideas in mathematics. The exposition concentrates on key concepts and then elementary results concerning these numbers. The reader learns how complex numbers can be used to solve algebraic equations and to understand the geometric interpretation of complex numbers and the operations involving them. The theoretical parts of the book are augmented with rich exercises and problems at various levels of difficulty. A special feature of the book is the last chapter, a selection of outstanding Olympiad and other important mathematical contest problems solved by employing the methods already presented. The book reflects the unique experience of the authors. It distills a vast mathematical literature, most of which is unknown to the western public, and captures the essence of an abundant problem culture. The target audience includes undergraduates, high school students and their teachers, mathematical contestants (such as those training for Olympiads or the W. L. Putnam Mathematical Competition) and their coaches, as well as anyone interested in essential mathematics.

Numbers, Complex. --- Complex numbers --- Imaginary quantities --- Quantities, Imaginary --- Mathematics. --- Algebra. --- Algebraic geometry. --- Geometry. --- Number theory. --- Number Theory. --- Algebraic Geometry. --- Numbers, Complex --- 511.147 --- 511.147 Complex numbers. Imaginaries --- Complex numbers. Imaginaries --- Algebra, Universal --- Quaternions --- Vector analysis --- Geometry, algebraic. --- Mathematics --- Euclid's Elements --- Algebraic geometry --- Geometry --- Mathematical analysis --- Number study --- Numbers, Theory of --- Algebra

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Number theory --- Algebra --- Discrete mathematics --- Mathematics --- algebra --- discrete wiskunde --- wiskunde --- getallenleer

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This monograph treats the classical theory of quadratic Diophantine equations and guides the reader through the last two decades of computational techniques and progress in the area. These new techniques combined with the latest increases in computational power shed new light on important open problems. The authors motivate the study of quadratic Diophantine equations with excellent examples, open problems, and applications. Moreover, the exposition aptly demonstrates many applications of results and techniques from the study of Pell-type equations to other problems in number theory. The book is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers. It challenges the reader to apply not only specific techniques and strategies, but also to employ methods and tools from other areas of mathematics, such as algebra and analysis.

Number theory --- Algebra --- algebra --- getallenleer

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Theories, methods and problems in approximation theory and analytic inequalities with a focus on differential and integral inequalities are analyzed in this book. Fundamental and recent developments are presented on the inequalities of Abel, Agarwal, Beckenbach, Bessel, Cauchy–Hadamard, Chebychev, Markov, Euler’s constant, Grothendieck, Hilbert, Hardy, Carleman, Landau–Kolmogorov, Carlson, Bernstein–Mordell, Gronwall, Wirtinger, as well as inequalities of functions with their integrals and derivatives. Each inequality is discussed with proven results, examples and various applications. Graduate students and advanced research scientists in mathematical analysis will find this reference essential to their understanding of differential and integral inequalities. Engineers, economists, and physicists will find the highly applicable inequalities practical and useful to their research.

Difference equations. --- Functional equations. --- Approximation theory. --- Functions of real variables. --- Harmonic analysis. --- Functions of complex variables. --- Convex geometry . --- Discrete geometry. --- Difference and Functional Equations. --- Approximations and Expansions. --- Real Functions. --- Abstract Harmonic Analysis. --- Functions of a Complex Variable. --- Convex and Discrete Geometry. --- Differential inequalities. --- Inequalities (Mathematics) --- Discrete mathematics --- Geometry --- Combinatorial geometry --- Complex variables --- Elliptic functions --- Functions of real variables --- Calculus of differences --- Differences, Calculus of --- Equations, Difference --- Analysis (Mathematics) --- Functions, Potential --- Potential functions --- Banach algebras --- Calculus --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematics --- Bessel functions --- Fourier series --- Harmonic functions --- Time-series analysis --- Real variables --- Functions of complex variables --- Theory of approximation --- Functional analysis --- Functions --- Polynomials --- Chebyshev systems --- Equations, Functional