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This paper studies the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT), especially mobile phone rollout, on economic growth in a sample of African countries from 1988 to 2007. Further, we investigate whether financial inclusion is one of the channels through which mobile phone development influences economic growth. In estimating the impact of ICT on economic growth, we use a wide range of ICT indicators, including mobile and fixed telephone penetration rates and the cost of local calls. We address any endogeneity issues by using the System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimator. Financial inclusion is captured by variables measuring access to financial services, such as the number of deposits or loans per head, compiled by Beck, Demirguc-Kunt, and Martinez Peria (2007) and the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP, 2009). The results confirm that ICT, including mobile phone development, contribute significantly to economic growth in African countries. Part of the positive effect of mobile phone penetration on growth comes from greater financial inclusion. At the same time, the development of mobile phones consolidates the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth, especially in countries where mobile financial services take hold.

Information technology --- Cell phones --- Home banking services --- Financial services industry --- Economic development --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Services, Financial --- Service industries --- Banking services, Home --- Telebanking --- Telephone banking --- Banks and banking --- Electronic funds transfers --- Cell telephones --- Cellphones --- Cellular phones --- Cellular radio --- Cellular telephones --- Mobile phones --- Mobiles (Telephones) --- Phones, Cell --- Telephones, Cell --- Wireless phones --- Radio --- Telephone --- IT (Information technology) --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Econometric models. --- Transmitter-receivers --- Finance: General --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Computer applications in industry & technology --- Information technology in revenue administration --- Financial inclusion --- Mobile banking --- Public expenditure review --- Financial services --- Revenue --- Banks and banking, Mobile --- Expenditures, Public --- South Africa

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Connecting the Disconnected presents the findings of the field research designed to evaluate financial practices and strategies among urban and rural Bhutanese households. The study was commissioned in 2012 by the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan and the World Bank to provide qualitative evidence to the country's Financial Inclusion Policy. The book explores where, how, and why diff erent demographic groups save, borrow, send remittances, and insure themselves; it also evaluates the potential for innovations to extend fi nancial inclusion.Analysis of results from focus group discussions and

Monetary policy --- Financial institutions --- Household surveys --- Bhutan --- Social conditions --- Surveys, Household --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Monetary management --- Bhoutan --- Bhotan --- Boutan --- Bootan --- ʼBrug-yul --- Druk-yul --- Phūthān --- Kingdom of Bhutan --- ʼBrug Rgyal-khab --- Dru Gäkhap --- Bhoetan --- بوتان --- Būtān --- Reino de Bután --- Botan --- Vutã --- Tetã Vutã --- Butan Krallığı --- Бутан --- Бутан Короллеге --- Butan Korollege --- Каралеўства Бутан --- Karaleŭstva Butan --- Кралство Бутан --- Kralstvo Butan --- Kraljevina Butan --- Бутан патшалăхĕ --- Butan patshalăkhĕ --- Bhútánské království --- Teyrnas Bhutan --- Kongedømmet Bhutan --- Königreich Bhutan --- Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah --- Bhutani Kuningriik --- Μπουτάν --- Βασίλειο του Μπουτάν --- Vasileio tou Boutan --- Butano --- Bhutano --- Reĝlando Butano --- Bhutango Erresuma --- Kongaríkið Bhutan --- Kongsríkið Butan --- Royaume du Bhoutan --- An Bhútain --- Bhútain --- Ríocht na Bútáine --- Rìoghachd Bhutàin --- Бутанмудин Нутг --- Butanmudin Nutg --- 부탄 --- Put'an --- Butana --- Surveys --- Census --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply