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Transparency-sunshine-is often touted as a core element of the governance agenda, and one that is most important in environments with low transparency to begin with. In a provocative paper published in the American Political Science Review, Edmund Malesky, Paul Schuler, and Anh Tran present the results of a creative experiment in which they provided an additional spotlight on the activities of a random sample of delegates to Vietnam's National Assembly. They report that the effect of sunshine was negative, that delegates subject to this treatment curtailed their speech, and that those who spoke most critically were punished through the subsequent election and promotion processes. The present paper argues that Malesky, Schuler, and Tran's results, if interpreted correctly, actually predict a net positive effect of transparency. The differences in interpretation stem primarily from three sources: the interpretation of regression results for models with interaction terms, the interpretation of the variable for Internet penetration, and significant pre-treatment differences between treated and control delegates. For the context in which more than 80 percent of delegates operate, Malesky, Schuler, and Tran's results predict a positive but insignificant effect of transparency. In addition, Internet penetration, itself a measure of access to information, is positively associated with critical speech. The paper draws lessons for the design and interpretation of randomized experiments with interaction effects.

Disease Control & Prevention --- Economic Theory & Research --- Educational Technology and Distance Education --- Information Security & Privacy --- Internet --- Legislature --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Multiplicative interaction --- Political economy --- Poverty Reduction --- Randomized experiments --- Technology Industry --- Transparency --- Vietnam

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Criminal law. Criminal procedure

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"Informed by senior policymakers with extensive expertise in defense, this book provides a comprehensive regional and functional perspective on U.S. policy toward the People's Republic of China"--

National security --- Great powers --- United States --- China --- United States --- Foreign relations --- Foreign relations --- Military policy.

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Electronic data processing --- Distributed operating systems (Computers) --- Traitement réparti --- Systèmes d'exploitation répartis --- Distributed processing --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Computer Science --- Telecommunications --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Information Technology --- Computer Science (Hardware & Networks) --- Computer science. --- Computer communication systems. --- Special purpose computers. --- Architecture, Computer. --- Computer programming. --- Software engineering. --- Operating systems (Computers). --- Computer Science. --- Computer System Implementation. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Software Engineering. --- Programming Techniques. --- Operating Systems. --- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems. --- Computer operating systems --- Computers --- Disk operating systems --- Systems software --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Architecture, Computer --- Special purpose computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Operating systems --- Programming --- Operating systems (Computers) --- Computer network architectures. --- Architectures, Computer network --- Network architectures, Computer --- Computer architecture --- Electronic data processing - Distributed processing - Congresses. --- Distributed operating systems (Computers) - Congresses. --- Computer systems. --- Computer networks. --- Computers, Special purpose. --- ADP systems (Computer systems) --- Computing systems --- Systems, Computer

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This is the third in a series of World Bank studies that examines patterns and trends in corruption in business-government interactions in the transition countries of Europe and Central Asia. The message of this series is positive: Corruption has fallen since 2000 in many transition countries in the region. Firms are paying bribes less frequently and in smaller amounts (as a share of reveneues) than in the past, and they see corruption as less of a problem for business. Reforms have accelerated in the past decade. Many countries are cutting red tape, simplifying taxes, and strengthening audits

Criminal law. Criminal procedure --- Political corruption --- Privatization --- Denationalization --- Privatisation --- Contracting out --- Corporatization --- Government ownership --- Boss rule --- Corruption (in politics) --- Graft in politics --- Malversation --- Political scandals --- Politics, Practical --- Corruption --- Misconduct in office --- Corrupt practices