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Year: 2022 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : World Bank,
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The paper discusses in brief India's food regulatory system in the context of modernized frameworks and examples of well-developed and mature regulatory systems from five selected developed countries (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, and the European Union). India's food regulator, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), established in 2008, has developed a modernized regulatory system that aligns well with the most recent food safety regulatory systems model of the World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). As it continues to strengthen the regulatory system to enhance food safety, FSSAI is applying innovative approaches to address the country's unique challenges of food safety, public health, and sustainable diets. The paper discusses two of FSSAI's innovations: (i) approaches to enhance the safety of food businesses operating in India's huge informal food sector; and (ii) proactive direct engagement with consumers at scale to promote safe, nutritious, healthy, and sustainable diets by influencing behavior change, thus contributing to improvements in public health, nutrition, and environmental sustainability. The paper also describes FSSAI's regulatory leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic to promote food safety. The paper concludes that the approaches and innovations adopted by FSSAI appear promising and there are lessons that could be adopted and adapted by other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These approaches have not yet been evaluated but do merit a deeper study and discussion that may well lead to expanding the roles food regulatory bodies could play in promoting food safety, public health and nutrition, and sustainability. Whether food regulators are well-placed to take on wider roles may vary by country and the system of public administration, but it is not inappropriate per se for regulators to have that expanded role.
Book
Year: 2020 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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Undernutrition begins early in life and has lifelong consequences. The cost of undernutrition both for the individual and the economy are substantial. Analyzing data from an Indian cohort, the New Delhi Birth Cohort, formed between 1969 and 1972, this paper provides evidence on the associations between attained human capital in the third and fourth decade of life and measures of growth from birth to adulthood. For the purpose of this paper, attained human capital is defined through three metrics: educational status, male occupation, and material possession score. Growth measures (height, weight, body mass index (BMI)) during five age intervals (0 to 6 months, 6 to 24 months, 2 to 5 years, 5 to 11 years, and 11 years to adulthood) were related to human capital metrics using multivariate regression models. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to assess the stability of associations. All three human capital metrics had a significant positive association with birth size and measures of physical growth in children under-five years of age, in particular for children under two years. Length at birth and height gain from 6 to 24 months were consistently associated with all metrics. Faster weight and BMI gain from five years onward significantly predicted material possession scores. Among socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics at birth, maternal and paternal education, and paternal occupation also had a consistent positive association with all three human capital metrics. The findings reinforce the focus on interventions during the first 1,000 days of life to promote larger birth size and linear growth and suggest an additional window of opportunity between 2 to 5 years to improve human capital. The benefits can be enhanced by simultaneous investments in parental (especially maternal) literacy, livelihoods, safe water supply and sanitation, access to health care, and enhancing incomes. These interventions also have a nutrition-sensitive effect to promote early life growth.
Health Indicators --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Capital --- Nutrition --- Stunting
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