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Shipping --- harbors --- rederijen --- Antwerp

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Newspapers and journalism began in the Middle East in the nineteenth century and evolved during a period of accelerated change which shaped their unique political, social and cultural role. Drawing on a wealth of sources, this study for the first time explores the press as a Middle Eastern institution. It focuses on the circumstances that influenced the growth of the Arab press, its own impact on local historical developments, and the long-term effects that early patterns of its emergence have had on later evolution.

Press --- History. --- Journalism --- anno 1800-1999 --- Middle East --- Arab States --- Arab countries --- History --- Press - Arab countries - History. --- Arab states

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Suicide terrorism in its modern form appeared in the 1980s. The first organization to use this strategy was the Shi'ite Hizbollah in Lebanon. Later, it was adopted by many terrorist organizations in the Middle East and Asia. This new study shows how there are at least two reasons to question the central role that is assigned to religion and more specifically Islam when explaining suicide terrorism. First, suicide terrorism is a modern phenomenon, yet Islam is a very old religion. Except for two periods in the 12th and 18th centuries, suicide was never part of Islamist beliefs and behaviors. Actually, Islam clearly forbids suicide. Hence, the argument that Islamic religious beliefs are the main cause of suicide terrorism is inherently dubious. Second, many suicide attacks have been carried out by secular organizations with little connection to fundamentalist Islam: Palestinian Fatah, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Kurdish Workers Party. Moreover, one of the organizations that has employed this strategy devastatingly and regularly is the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam). Not only are members of this organization not Muslim, most of them are not religious at all. This superb book contains essays by some of the world's leading scholars of terrorism and political violence. It is essential reading for students of terrorism, political science and Middle Eastern politics, and useful to students of social psychology, theology and history.

Suicide bombings --- Suicide bombers --- Terrorism --- Attentats-suicides --- Kamikazes (Attentats-suicides) --- Terrorisme --- Psychology. --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Psychologie --- Aspect religieux --- Islam --- Suicide bombings. --- Terrorism.

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Judaism --- Leibowitz, Yeshayahu --- Strauss, Leo --- Scholem, Gershom Gerhard --- 296*6 --- -Jews --- Religions --- Semites --- Jews --- Joodse theologie en filosofie--(algemeen) --- Religion --- Shṭraʼus, Leʼo --- שטראוס, ליאו --- -Joodse theologie en filosofie--(algemeen) --- -Strauss, Leo --- 296*6 Joodse theologie en filosofie--(algemeen) --- Strauss, Leo. --- Leibowitz, Yeshayahu, --- Judaism - 20th century --- Leibowitz, Yeshayahu, - 1903-1994 --- -296*6 Joodse theologie en filosofie--(algemeen) --- -Strauss, Leo. --- -Leibowitz, Yeshayahu