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Due to the ongoing rise in sea level and increases in extreme wave climates, which consequently change the wave climate, coastal structures such as sea dikes and seawalls are exposed to severe and frequent sea storms. Even though much research related to wave–structure interactions has been carried out, it remains one of the most important and challenging topics in the field of coastal engineering. The recent publications in the Special Issue “Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures” in the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering include a wide range of research, including theoretical/mathematical, experimental, and numerical work related to the interaction between sea waves and coastal structures. These publications address conventional coastal hard structures in deep water zones as well as those located in shallow water zones, such as wave overtopping over shallow foreshores with apartment buildings on dikes. The research findings presented help to improve our knowledge of hydrodynamic processes, and the new approaches and developments presented here will be good benchmarks for future work.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- shallow waters --- wave energy --- coastal erosion --- beach restoration --- submerged breakwaters --- protected nourishments --- wave overtopping --- coastal safety --- flow velocity --- flow depth --- sea dikes --- overtopping reduction --- force reduction --- oblique waves --- storm return wall --- EurOtop manual --- validation --- wave modelling --- shallow foreshore --- dike-mounted vertical wall --- wave impact loads --- OpenFOAM --- average overtopping discharge --- individual volume --- overtopping flow depth --- overtopping flow velocity --- promenade --- vertical wall --- SWASH --- fluid–structure interaction --- waves --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics --- SPH --- Pont del Petroli --- storm Gloria --- inter-model comparison --- DualSPHysics --- wave pressure --- caisson breakwater --- stability --- RANS model --- solitary wave --- fully nonlinear wave --- three-dimensional wave --- partially submerged cylinder --- hollow circular cylinder --- tsunami --- wave --- bore --- flooding --- debris --- numerical modeling --- SPH–FEM coupling --- coastal structures --- n/a --- fluid-structure interaction --- SPH-FEM coupling

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Due to the ongoing rise in sea level and increases in extreme wave climates, which consequently change the wave climate, coastal structures such as sea dikes and seawalls are exposed to severe and frequent sea storms. Even though much research related to wave–structure interactions has been carried out, it remains one of the most important and challenging topics in the field of coastal engineering. The recent publications in the Special Issue “Wave Interactions with Coastal Structures” in the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering include a wide range of research, including theoretical/mathematical, experimental, and numerical work related to the interaction between sea waves and coastal structures. These publications address conventional coastal hard structures in deep water zones as well as those located in shallow water zones, such as wave overtopping over shallow foreshores with apartment buildings on dikes. The research findings presented help to improve our knowledge of hydrodynamic processes, and the new approaches and developments presented here will be good benchmarks for future work.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- shallow waters --- wave energy --- coastal erosion --- beach restoration --- submerged breakwaters --- protected nourishments --- wave overtopping --- coastal safety --- flow velocity --- flow depth --- sea dikes --- overtopping reduction --- force reduction --- oblique waves --- storm return wall --- EurOtop manual --- validation --- wave modelling --- shallow foreshore --- dike-mounted vertical wall --- wave impact loads --- OpenFOAM --- average overtopping discharge --- individual volume --- overtopping flow depth --- overtopping flow velocity --- promenade --- vertical wall --- SWASH --- fluid-structure interaction --- waves --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics --- SPH --- Pont del Petroli --- storm Gloria --- inter-model comparison --- DualSPHysics --- wave pressure --- caisson breakwater --- stability --- RANS model --- solitary wave --- fully nonlinear wave --- three-dimensional wave --- partially submerged cylinder --- hollow circular cylinder --- tsunami --- wave --- bore --- flooding --- debris --- numerical modeling --- SPH-FEM coupling --- coastal structures

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This document reports a following up of the EU-funded research project DURCWAVE (amending the Design criteria of URban defences in LECZs through Composite-modelling of WAVE overtopping under climate change scenarios). The role of FHR was an external advisor for the project. FHR exchanged the knowledge on overtopping design criteria and coastal management policy with Dr. Altomare (PI of the research project) through some communications including some workshops. Dr. Altomare hired a composite-modelling approach, consisting of both physical and numerical modelling. Physical model tests were carried out in two different wave flume facilities in UPC, meanwhile the numerical modelling using mesh-free DualSPHysics model was performed. On top, the EPR data-driven technique was also used to find new correlations between wave impacts and overtopping flows. As a result, Dr. Altomare published 14 articles (8 are collaboration with FHR) – at the moment of mid-March 2021. Through this following up project, FHR obtained further knowledge on wave overtopping processes, more specifically directional spreading effect on coastal dikes in shallow foreshores and overtopping flow characteristics on a dike in shallow foreshores. These knowledge are very relevant to the work of FHR, especially for the risk assessment of the coasts.

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