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Digital
Year: 2004 Publisher: Washington, D.C. World Bank
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Digital
Year: 2005 Publisher: Washington, D.C. World Bank
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Digital
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Digital
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Book
Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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This paper examines whether the increased openness and technological innovation in East Asia have contributed to an increased demand for skills in the region. The author explores a unique firm level data set across eight countries in Asia and the Pacific region. The results strongly support the idea that greater openness and technological innovation have increased the demand for skills, especially in middle-income countries. In particular, while the presence in international markets has been skill enhancing for most middle-income countries, this is not the case for manufacturing firms operating in China and in low-income countries. The author interprets this to support the premise that if international integration in the region continues to intensify and technology continues to be skilled biased, policies aimed at mitigating the skills shortages should produce continual and persistent increase in skills.
E-Business --- Emerging Markets --- Employee --- Employment --- Firm level --- Foreign ownership --- Income inequality --- Industry --- International markets --- Job vacancies --- Labor Markets --- Labor markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor supply --- Occupational classification --- Private Sector Development --- Skill shortages --- Skill upgrading --- Skilled labor --- Skilled workers --- Social Protections and Labor --- Technology Industry --- Total employment --- Unskilled labor --- Unskilled workers --- Wage premium --- Wage premiums --- Worker
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"The author tests how the local economic structure-measured by a region's sector specialization, competition, and diversity-affects the technological growth of manufacturing sectors. Most of the empirical literature on this topic assumes that in the long run more productive regions will attract more workers and use employment growth as a measure of local productivity growth. However, this approach is based on strong assumptions about national labor markets. The author shows that when these assumptions are relaxed, regional adjusted wage growth is a better measure of regional productivity growth than employment growth. She compares the two measures using data for Portugal between 1985 and 1994. With the regional adjusted wage growth, the author finds evidence of Marshall-Arrow-Romer (MAR) externalities in some sectors and no evidence of Jacobs or Porter externalities in most of the manufacturing sectors. These results are at odds with her findings for employment-based regressions, which show that concentration and region size have a negative and significant effect in most of the manufacturing sectors. These employment-based results are in line with most of the existing literature, which suggests that using employment growth to proxy for productivity growth leads to misleading results. "--World Bank web site.
Industrial productivity --- Regional economic disparities. --- Technological innovations --- Economic aspects --- Portugal --- Economic conditions --- Regional disparities.
Book
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This paper studies the effect of enforcing labor regulation in an economy with a dual labor market. The analysis uses data from Brazil, a country with a large informal sector and strict labor law, where enforcement affects mainly the degree of compliance with mandated benefits (severance pay and health and safety conditions) in the formal sector, and the registration of informal workers. The authors find that stricter enforcement leads to higher unemployment but lower income inequality. They also show that, at the top of the formal wage distribution, workers bear the cost of mandated benefits by receiving lower wages. Wage rigidity (due, say, to the minimum wage) prevents this downward adjustment at the bottom of the income distribution. As a result, formal sector jobs at the bottom of the wage distribution become more attractive, inducing the low-skilled self-employed to search for formal jobs.
Employment --- Income distribution --- Income inequality --- Informal employment --- Informal sector --- Jobs --- Labor demand --- Labor force --- Labor law --- Labor market --- Labor market outcomes --- Labor market regulation --- Labor market regulations --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor regulation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Mandated Benefits --- Minimum wage --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployment --- Wage distribution --- Workers
Book
Year: 2007 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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One important concern of governments in developing countries is how to phase out large safety net programs. The authors evaluate the short-run effects of one possible exit strategy-programs that promote self-employment-in Argentina. They provide evidence that a small fraction of beneficiaries were attracted by this program. Overall, potential participants to self-employment are more likely to be female household heads and more educated beneficiaries relative to the average Jefes beneficiaries. Using nonexperimental methods, the authors show that participation in the program does affect the labor supply of participants, by reducing the probability of having an outside job, especially for males, and increasing the total number of hours worked. But the intervention fails to produce on average income gains to participating individuals and households in the short run. The fact that a small subset of former welfare beneficiaries are attracted to the program, coupled with the fact that only a subset of participants (younger and more educated beneficiaries, and with previous self-employment experience) benefited from participation has important implications for this intervention to represent a viable exit strategy from welfare.
Access to Finance --- Beneficiaries --- Debt Markets --- Descriptive statistics --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Flexibility --- Impact evaluation --- Income --- Intervention --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Nonexperimental methods --- Poverty Monitoring and Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Program implementation --- Programs --- Social Protections and Labor --- Targeting
Book
Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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This paper examines whether the increased openness and technological innovation in East Asia have contributed to an increased demand for skills in the region. The author explores a unique firm level data set across eight countries in Asia and the Pacific region. The results strongly support the idea that greater openness and technological innovation have increased the demand for skills, especially in middle-income countries. In particular, while the presence in international markets has been skill enhancing for most middle-income countries, this is not the case for manufacturing firms operating in China and in low-income countries. The author interprets this to support the premise that if international integration in the region continues to intensify and technology continues to be skilled biased, policies aimed at mitigating the skills shortages should produce continual and persistent increase in skills.
E-Business --- Emerging Markets --- Employee --- Employment --- Firm level --- Foreign ownership --- Income inequality --- Industry --- International markets --- Job vacancies --- Labor Markets --- Labor markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor supply --- Occupational classification --- Private Sector Development --- Skill shortages --- Skill upgrading --- Skilled labor --- Skilled workers --- Social Protections and Labor --- Technology Industry --- Total employment --- Unskilled labor --- Unskilled workers --- Wage premium --- Wage premiums --- Worker
Book
Year: 2018 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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Skills and Jobs in Brazil: An Agenda for Youth is a new report focusing on the challenge of economic engagement among the Brazilian youth. In the context of a fast aging population, Brazil's greatest economic opportunity is to increase its labor productivity, especially that of youth. This report documents important new facts about the extent of the youth economic disengagement, while at school and at work. Today, close to half of the Brazilian youth aged 15-29 years old is not fully economically engaged, because they are neither working nor studying, are studying in schools of poor quality, or are working in informal and precarious jobs. The report shows how the youth prospects in the labor market are dimmed by policies favoring existing workers over new entrants; in addition, it shows how youth are often ill equipped to meet an increasingly challenging labor market. The report suggests new education, skills, and jobs policy changes that Brazil could prioritize moving forward, so that it can take advantage of the last wave of its demographic transition. The report discusses in particular depth policies aiming to increase learning and reduce school dropouts in upper secondary education, and labor market policies that aim to support more effective and faster youth transitions from school to work.
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