Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Physiology of nutrition. Metabolism --- Human biochemistry --- Endocrinological gastroenterology --- Gastroenterological endocrinology --- Gastrointestinal hormones --- Gastrointestinale hormonen --- Gut hormones --- Hormones gastro-intestinales --- Gastrointestinal Hormones --- Digestive System Physiological Phenomena. --- Neuropeptides --- Regulatory gut peptides --- RGP (Hormones) --- Hormones --- Digestive System Phenomena --- Digestive System Phenomenon --- Digestive System Physiological Concepts --- Digestive System Physiological Phenomenon --- Digestive System Physiology --- Digestive System Process --- Physiology, Digestive --- Digestive Physiology --- Digestive System Processes --- Phenomena, Digestive System --- Phenomenas, Digestive System --- Phenomenon, Digestive System --- Physiology, Digestive System --- Process, Digestive System --- Processes, Digestive System --- Digestive System --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- physiology. --- pharmacology. --- physiology --- Gastrointestinal hormones. --- Gastrointestinal System --- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES --- GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM --- NEUROPEPTIDES --- pharmacology --- Gastrointestinal system --- Physiology. --- Pharmacology. --- Digestive System Physiological Phenomena

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This study investigates the effects of public transfers and taxes on the wellbeing of children in Ethiopia. It applies the Commitment to Equity for Children methodology to examine the burdens of taxation and the benefits from government transfers and spending, and their differential wellbeing impacts on children. The study integrates data from the 2018/19 Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey, which also collected data on taxes and transfers, with administrative data. Measuring its distribution by child monetary and multidimensional wellbeing, the study finds, on average, a progressive, poverty-reducing and equalizing fiscal system. However, there are important differences in the distribution of some of its elements. Indirect taxes, comprising of value-added and excise taxes, are regressive. Similarly, primary education spending, the largest of in-kind transfers, is only progressive in urban areas. On poverty and inequality, the fiscal system reduced the monetary child poverty headcount by 21 percent and the poverty gap by 33 percent. The effect is stronger for girls and children in rural areas than for boys and children in urban areas, therefore reducing inequalities in poverty rates. However, this is only the case when in-kind transfers for education and health are considered. Without the inclusion of in-kind transfers, the study finds that the fiscal system is not well calibrated to reduce poverty. This highlights the essential role of public services, not only in delivering fundamental child rights, but also in reducing poverty among children.

Foster home care.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The rural land use fee and agricultural income tax are major payments for rural landholders in Ethiopia. This paper examines the gender implications of these taxes using tax payment and individual land ownership data from the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey 2018/2019. It finds that the rural land use fee and agricultural income tax, which are assessed on the area of landholdings, are regressive. Female-headed- and female adult-only households bear a larger tax burden than male-headed and dual-adult households. Norms limiting women's role in agriculture and gender agricultural productivity gaps are likely to result in lower consumption and accordingly, a higher tax burden for female-headed households than for male-headed households. Reducing the tax rates for smallholders can diminish the gender difference in tax burdens, but the tax continues to be regressive. This highlights the difficulty of area-based land taxes to be vertically equitable.

Agriculture --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Economic Policy --- Gender and Poverty --- Gender and Rural Development --- Inequality --- Land Ownership --- Land Use Policy --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Regressive Tax --- Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction --- Smallholder Farmers --- Tax Incidence --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The COVID-19 pandemic and its economic and social effects on households have created an urgent need for timely data to help monitor and relieve the impacts and protect the welfare of the least-well-off Ethiopians. To monitor how the pandemic is affecting Ethiopia's economy and people and to inform interventions and policy responses, the World Bank is conducting a tailored High-Frequency Phone Survey of Households (HFPS-HH). The HFPS-HH builds on the national longitudinal Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) that the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) and the World Bank carried out in 2019. The HFPS-HH drew a subsample of the ESS sample that was representative of households with access to a working phone. The same households are being tracked over 12 months, with selected respondents, typically the household head, completing phone-based interviews every three to four weeks. Such prompt follow-up allows for better understanding of the household effects of and responses to the pandemic in near real time to support immediate evidence-based responses. This survey brief summarizes the results of the first six rounds of the HFPS-HH, covering the period from April to September 2020. The brief is based on a sample of both urban and rural households in all regions of Ethiopia. The 15-20-minute questionnaire covers such topics as knowledge of COVID mitigation measures and behavior changes, access to basic staple food items and medicines, educational activities during school closures, access to health care services, employment dynamics, household income and livelihoods, income loss and coping strategies, food security, and assistance received.

Access To Health Services --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Living Standards --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor