Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper provides a political economy analysis of the incentives underpinning a country's decision to enter a regional trade agreement when a multilateral free trade agreement is available, and of how entering a regional trade agreement affects the incentives to pursue multilateral trade liberalization. Taking into account the influence exerted by organized interest groups in the formation of trade agreements, we derive a formal condition under which a regional trade agreement is preferred to a multilateral one. Furthermore, we show that a country's decision to enter a regional trade agreement unambiguously undermines the incentives towards multilateral trade liberalization.

International trade. --- Regionalism. --- Trade blocs. --- Commercial treaties. --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Regional economic blocs --- Regional trading blocs --- Trading blocs --- International trade --- Human geography --- Nationalism --- Interregionalism --- Exports and Imports --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Trade agreements --- Regional trade --- Trade liberalization --- Multilateral trade --- Trade policy --- Commercial treaties --- Commercial policy --- Uruguay

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries price subsidies are common, especially on food and fuels. However, these are neither well targeted nor cost effective as a social protection tool, often benefiting mainly the better off instead of the poor and vulnerable. This paper explores the challenges of replacing generalized price subsidies with more equitable social safety net instruments, including the short-term inflationary effects, and describes the features of successful subsidy reforms.

Subsidies --- Business subsidies --- Corporate subsidies --- Corporate welfare --- Government subsidies --- Grants --- Subventions --- Vouchers (Subsidies) --- Welfare, Corporate --- Government aid --- Foreign trade promotion --- Trade adjustment assistance --- E-books --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Investments: Energy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Price Level --- Deflation --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Energy: General --- Energy industries & utilities --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Fuel prices --- Energy subsidies --- Oil prices --- Social assistance spending --- Expenditure --- Oil --- Commodities --- Expenditures, Public --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Gas industry --- Jordan

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper aims to contribute to the international policy debate around profit shifting, tax avoidance and SSA’s revenue mobilization efforts in three ways. First, it examines the importance of mining, the role of multinational enterprises (MNEs), and mining revenue outcomes in SSA. Second, it assesses the magnitude of profit shifting in mining drawing on new macro level research, supplemented by case studies to illustrate the lived experience of tax avoidance in SSA mining. Third, the paper identifies tax policy reforms that could boost revenue mobilization in SSA.

Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Corporate & business tax --- Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and Regulation --- Corporate income tax --- Corporate Taxation --- Corporate taxes --- Corporations --- Economic development --- Economic sectors --- Extractive industries --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal policy --- Income tax --- Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General --- International business enterprises --- International Business --- International Taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Mineral industries --- Mining sector --- Monetary economics --- Multinational Firms --- Natural Resource Extraction --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Tax Evasion and Avoidance --- Tax evasion --- Tax incentives --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Taxes --- Withholding tax --- South Africa