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In India there is a high incidence of morbidity and malnutrition coupled with low standards of public health and expensive medical care. Despite several policy initiatives and many attempts to promote a healthy society, health remains an issue of concern. Policy-makers recognise that the country suffers unacceptably high levels of disease and premature death. A 2005 report from the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (NCMH) claims that private out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure often has a catastrophic effect on the consumption of basic goods and services for low-income households, forcing many below the poverty line and often blocking private intergenerational flows, severely affecting family members including the co-residing elderly, especially women. As poverty, malnutrition and enormous disparities are widespread, particularly in rural areas and urban slums, reliance on private health providers is fraught with serious economic consequences. Disease prevalence among these groups is particularly high. The market plays an increasingly important role in delivering health and diagnostic services. Infrastructural bottlenecks faced by central, state and local government health services force public health service users to access private medical care and incur very high out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses. All these issues are in direct contradiction to India’s National Population Policy (2000) and National Health Policy (2002).   This book highlights some of these neglected issues, and focuses largely on private expenditure on drugs and medicines for the treatment of ailments both with and without hospitalisation. It examines private OOP health expenditures in rural and urban households after breaking them down into the various healthcare service components including drugs and medicines (which constitute about 75 to 80 percent of OOP health expenditure), and assesses the extent of capital sample households borrow to finance medical expenditure and the effect on their basic food and non-food consumption requirements.

Drugs. --- Medicine. --- Pharmacy. --- Medical economics --- Medical care, Cost of --- Health Care --- Costs and Cost Analysis --- Delivery of Health Care --- Sociology --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Economics --- Patient Care Management --- Social Sciences --- Health Services Administration --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Services Accessibility --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Health Expenditures --- Population Characteristics --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- World Health --- Medical Economics --- Public health --- Medical care. --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Public health. --- Medical research. --- Health economics. --- Medical economics. --- Development economics. --- Social structure. --- Social inequality. --- Quality of life. --- Economics. --- Health Economics. --- Public Health. --- Social Structure, Social Inequality. --- Development Economics. --- Quality of Life Research. --- Quality of Life --- Research. --- Life, Quality of --- Economic history --- Human ecology --- Life --- Social history --- Basic needs --- Human comfort --- Social accounting --- Work-life balance --- Economic development --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Health economics --- Hygiene --- Medical care --- Medicine --- Economic aspects --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Social institutions --- Community health --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- India. --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Inde --- Indi --- Indien --- Indii͡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- Equality.