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This is a book about the multi-faceted notion of gender. Gender differences form the basis for family life, patterns of socialization, distribution of tasks, and spheres of responsibilities. The way gender is articulated shapes the world of individuals, and of the societies they live in. Gender has three faces: Linguistic Gender-the original sense of 'gender'-is a feature of many languages and reflects the division of nouns into grammatical classes or genders (feminine, masculine, neuter, and so on); Natural Gender, or sex, refers to the division of animates into males and females; and Social Gender reflects the social implications and norms of being a man or a woman (or perhaps something else). Women and men may talk and behave differently, depending on conventions within the societies they live in, and their role in language maintenance can also vary. The book focuses on how gender in its many guises is reflected in human languages, how it features in myths and metaphors, and the role it plays in human cognition. Examples are drawn from all over the world, with a special focus on Aikhenvald's extensive fieldwork in Amazonia and New Guinea.

Psycholinguistics --- Sociolinguistique --- Langage --- Différences entre sexes --- Sociolinguistique. --- Différences entre sexes. --- Genus. --- Geschlecht. --- Geschlechterrolle. --- Geschlechtsidentität. --- Kognition. --- Language and languages --- Language and sex. --- Sociolinguistics. --- Sozialverhalten. --- Sprache. --- Sex differences. --- Language and sex --- Sociolinguistics --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Linguistics --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Sexism in language --- Sex and language --- Sex --- Sex differences --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects

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Grammar [Comparative and general ] --- Topic and comment --- Syntax

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Grammar, Comparative and general --- Verb --- Verb phrase --- Verbals --- Reflexives --- Grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology

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Knowledge can be expressed in language using a plethora of grammatical means. Four major groups of meanings related to knowledge are Evidentiality: grammatical expression of information source; Egophoricity: grammatical expression of access to knowledge; Mirativity: grammatical expression of expectation of knowledge; and Epistemic modality: grammatical expression of attitude to knowledge. The four groups of categories interact. Some develop overtones of the others. Evidentials stand apart from other means in many ways, including their correlations with speech genres and social environment. This essay presents a framework which connects the expression of knowledge across the world's languages in a coherent way, showing their dependencies and complexities, and pathways of historical development in various scenarios, including language obsolescence.

Evidentials (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general. --- Linguistics.

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This volume offers a systematic crosslinguistic account of evidentiality, the linguistic encoding of the source of information on which a statement is based. It explores a range of topics relating to evidentiality and provides case studies from a variety of language families as diverse as Algonquian, Korean, and Uralic.

Évidentialité. --- Psycholinguistique. --- Cognition. --- Sémantique. --- Grammaire comparée.