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Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- India --- Environmental policy --- Environmental management --- Forest conservation --- Decision making --- Decision making. --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Environmental Management --- Environmental Policy --- #SBIB:39A4 --- Conservation of forests --- Forest preservation --- Forests and forestry --- Preservation of forests --- Nature conservation --- Deforestation --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Toegepaste antropologie --- Conservation --- Control --- Environmental Policy. --- Environnement --- Politique gouvernementale --- Prise de décision --- Gestion --- Forêts --- Prise de décision
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Le présent article examine la formation des subjectivités environnementales au Kumaon, dans l'État d'Uttar Pradesh, en Inde. Il s'attarde sur l'exemple d'une gestion communautaire de la forêt qui a débuté il y a 70 ans et montre comment des stratégies de réglementation associées à une prise de décisions collective transforment également les convictions et les positions des sujets qui prennent part à ces activités de régulation. L'expérience de la rareté, les responsabilités associées au gouvernement des forêts et la participation à l'élaboration de règles ont une influence déterminante sur les personnes qui en viennent, à la longue, à se considérer comme des sujets de l'environnement. L'étude se fonde sur des données d'archives et sur les résultats d'une recherche ethnographique effectuée à deux périodes distinctes. This paper examines the formation of environmental subjectivities in Kumaon in the state of Uttaranchal Pradesh in India. It focuses on a 70-year old example of community-based forest management and shows how regulatory strategies associated with community decision-making also transform the beliefs and subject positions of those who participate in regulatory activities. Experiences of scarcity, responsibility for governing forests, and participation in regulation are key influences on those who come to see themselves over time as environmental subjects. The paper is based upon evidence drawn from the archival record and ethnographic research conducted over two different time periods. El presente artículo examina la formación de las subjetividades del medio ambiente en Kumaon, en el estado de Uttar Pradesh, en India. Se concentra sobre el ejemplo de la gestión comunitaria del bosque que comenzó hace 70 años y muestra cómo las estrategias de reglamentación asociadas a la toma de decisiones colectivas transforman igualmente las convicciones y las posiciones de los sujetos que participan en las actividades de regulación. La experiencia de la escasez, las responsabilidades asociadas al gobierno de los bosques y la participación en la elaboración de reglamentos, influyen de manera determinante sobre las personas quienes, a la larga, se consideran como los sujetos del medio ambiente. El estudio se basa en datos de archivo y en los resultados de una investigación etnográfica realizada en dos periodos distintos.
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This review focuses on the role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. It does so under the belief that climate impacts will affect disadvantaged social groups more disproportionately, and that local institutions centrally influence how different social groups gain access to and are able to use assets and resources. It suggests that adaptation to climate change is inevitably local and that institutions influence adaptation and climate vulnerability in three critical ways: a) they structure impacts and vulnerability, b) they mediate between individual and collective responses to climate impacts and thereby shape outcomes of adaptation, and c) they act as the means of delivery of external resources to facilitate adaptation, and thus govern access to such resources. In focusing on local institutions, the review fills two glaring gaps in the existing understanding about institutions and climate change: the lack of middle-range theories of adaptation practices to help frame policy debates, and the absence of comparative empirical studies of adaptation to support policy interventions. To contribute to middle-range theoretical knowledge about climate change the review develops a conceptual framework to understand and classify the adaptation practices of the rural poor, view the institutional structuring of adaptation, and examine the types of external support interventions that local institutions inevitably channel. The review proposes a focus on different forms of mobility, storage, diversification, communal pooling, and market exchange in rural settings as the basic mechanisms through which households address riskiness of livelihoods. Using the familiar typology of public, private, and civil society institutions the review proposes an institutional linkages framework that highlights the role of institutional partnerships in facilitating adaptation and drawing from social network analysis it presents a conceptual toolkit to analyze institutional partnerships and their impacts on resource access of vulnerable social groups. In examining the role of institutions in channeling financial, information and technological, leadership, and policy interventions into rural areas, the review highlights that institutions are critical leverage points through which to determine the direction and magnitude of flows of resources to different social groups.
Accountability --- Adaptation --- Adaptation to Climate Change --- Capacity Building --- Carbon Sequestration --- Carbon Sinks --- Civil Liberties --- Civil Society Organizations --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Climate Risk Management --- Collective Action --- Crop Insurance --- Data Collection --- Decision Making --- Disasters --- Dry Seasons --- Emissions --- Environment --- Financial Management --- Floods --- Glaciers --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Heat Waves --- Inequality --- Insurance --- Livestock Insurance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural Resources --- Precipitation --- Property Rights --- Rainfall --- Science and Technology Development --- Science of Climate Change --- Social Change --- Social Development --- Storms
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In Kumaon in northern India, villagers set hundreds of forest fires in the early 1920s, protesting the colonial British state’s regulations to protect the environment. Yet by the 1990s, they had begun to conserve their forests carefully. In his innovative historical and political study, Arun Agrawal analyzes this striking transformation. He describes and explains the emergence of environmental identities and changes in state-locality relations and shows how the two are related. In so doing, he demonstrates that scholarship on common property, political ecology, and feminist environmentalism can be combined—in an approach he calls environmentality—to better understand changes in conservation efforts. Such an understanding is relevant far beyond Kumaon: local populations in more than fifty countries are engaged in similar efforts to protect their environmental resources.Agrawal brings environment and development studies, new institutional economics, and Foucauldian theories of power and subjectivity to bear on his ethnographical and historical research. He visited nearly forty villages in Kumaon, where he assessed the state of village forests, interviewed hundreds of Kumaonis, and examined local records. Drawing on his extensive fieldwork and archival research, he shows how decentralization strategies change relations between states and localities, community decision makers and common residents, and individuals and the environment. In exploring these changes and their significance, Agrawal establishes that theories of environmental politics are enriched by attention to the interconnections between power, knowledge, institutions, and subjectivities.
Environmental policy --- Environmental management --- Forest conservation --- Decision making.
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Nature --- Conservation des ressources naturelles --- Politique de l'environnement --- Communauté. --- Protection --- Participation des citoyens. --- Aspect social.
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338.43 <540> --- Landbouweconomie--India --- Agriculture and state --- Agriculture --- Economic development --- Land tenure --- Economic aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse
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Decentralization in government --- Local government --- Nepal
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The book presents a collection of peer-reviewed articles from the International Conference on Advances and Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - ICAAAIML 2020. The book covers research in the areas of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning applications in healthcare, agriculture, business and security. This volume contains research papers from academicians, researchers as well as students. There are also papers on core concepts of computer networks, intelligent system design and deployment, real-time systems, wireless sensor network, sensors and sensor nodes, software engineering, and image processing. This book will be a valuable resource for students, academics and practitioners in industry working on AI applications.
Programming --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- neuronale netwerken --- fuzzy logic --- cybernetica --- applicatiebeheer --- apps --- programmeren (informatica) --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- architectuur (informatica) --- AI (artificiële intelligentie)
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This report on adaptation to climate variability and change draws together the conclusions of a series of comparative case studies undertaken for the Area-Based Development and Climate Change (ABDCC) project of the Social Development Department of the World Bank. The report contributes to a better understanding of pro-poor adaptation by addressing the growing need for systematic analyses of existing rural adaptation strategies in the face of climate variability. The study shows: 1) how different types of climate phenomena affect households that are already vulnerable owing to their political-economic and social circumstances, 2) the ways in which households cope with and adapt to climate hazards, and 3) the role of rural organizations and institutions in helping vulnerable households cope with climate impacts and other sources of vulnerability more effectively. The study also complements other macro-level analyses in which the focus is primarily on government policies in the context of adaptation. The ABDCC study relied on four strategies for its implementation, data collection, and capacity building efforts: 1) review of secondary information and the selection of study sites; 2) data collection through household, focus group, and expert interviews; 3) data analysis and identification of feasible policy options; and 4) capacity building and dissemination of results. The study generated data both from secondary sources as well as primary research. The data was used to prepare country reports and policy notes but has also been analyzed using basic statistical methods to understand the relationship between institutions, adaptation strategies, and social groups within communities and territories.
Adaptation to Climate Change --- Capacity Building --- Climate --- Decision Making --- Disasters --- Emissions --- Environment --- Floods --- Gender --- Global Environment Facility --- Heat Waves --- Household Income --- Household Surveys --- Hurricanes --- Knowledge Gaps --- Precipitation --- Rainfall --- Social Capital --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion & Institutions --- Storms
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