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Many newly independent or systemically transforming countries feel a pressing need to--or must--introduce their own national currency. Other countries simply wish to enhance the attractiveness, usefulness, durability, and/or security of their currencies. However, it is difficult to find consistent published information on the various aspects of this process. This paper attempts to ameliorate this problem by discussing the main issues in designing, producing, and printing a new currency, in order to help those charged with these tasks to proceed in an orderly and informed manner. Attention is also given to examining the options that may be available when this exercise must be undertaken on an emergency basis, with little or no warning.

Banks and Banking --- Inflation --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Labor Economics: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Currencies --- Securities --- Labor --- Money --- Financial institutions --- Prices --- Public expenditure review --- Expenditure --- Banks and banking --- Financial instruments --- Labor economics --- Expenditures, Public --- United States

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The paper considers the generic arguments for and against the creation of a unified regulatory agency, covering each of the main types of financial institutions (banks, insurers and securities firms). The strongest arguments for unification are the enhanced oversight of financial conglomerates and the economies of scale they can potentially deliver. However, there are also a number of potentially serious disadvantages to unification, especially the risk that the change process will be mismanaged and will result in a reduction in regulatory capacity. The issue requires careful deliberation and ultimately depends on a matrix of factors which vary in importance from country to country.

Banks and Banking --- Industries: Financial Services --- Business and Financial --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Regulation and Business Law: General --- Regulation and Industrial Policy: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Financial services law & regulation --- Banking --- Finance --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Bank supervision --- Financial sector --- Financial services --- Economic sectors --- Bank regulation --- Banks and banking --- Financial services industry --- Law and legislation --- State supervision --- United Kingdom

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During the 1970s, international lending by banks came to play a dominant role in the flow of international finance. In the early 1980s, banks have continued to play a major role, but the recent evidence of strains in international banking has raised questions about the prospects for continuity of international intermediation by banks.

Banks and banking, International. --- Loans, Foreign. --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- International banking --- Offshore banking (Finance) --- Transnational banking --- Financial institutions, International --- International finance --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Exports and Imports --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Banking --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Financial services law & regulation --- International economics --- Foreign banks --- Lender of last resort --- Bank credit --- Financial institutions --- Financial crises --- Distressed institutions --- Commercial banks --- Money --- Banks and banking --- Banks and banking, Foreign --- Credit --- Banks and banking, Central --- Financial services industry --- United States

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