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We estimate the dynamic effects of changes in retail energy prices on inflation using a novel monthly database, covering 110 countries over 2000:M1 to 2016:M6. We find that (i) inflation responds positively to retail energy price shocks, with effects being, on average, modest and transitory. However, our results suggest significant heterogeneity in the response of inflation to these shocks owing to differences in factors related to labor market flexibility, energy intensity, and monetary policy credibility. We also find compelling evidence of asymmetric effects—under sufficiently large shocks—in the case of high-income and low-income countries, with increases in retail fuel prices inducing larger effects on inflation than decreases in fuel prices.

Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Fuel prices --- Energy prices --- Oil prices --- Personal income --- National accounts --- Income --- United States

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Achieving fiscal consolidation without undermining growth and poverty-reduction efforts is a key policy challenge in many countries. Using India as an illustration, this paper shows how a mix of well-designed taxation and spending policies can help address these challenges. On the tax side, the analysis focuses on increasing consumption taxes on goods with negative consumption externalities. On the spending side, some of the additional revenues from the tax reform are allocated to scaling up key social transfer programs. Substantial additional gains are possible if the increased social transfers can be accompanied by improved targeting.

Fiscal policy --- Debts, Public --- Spendings tax --- Consumption tax --- Expenditure tax --- Taxation of consumption --- Taxation of expenditures --- Taxation of spendings --- Sales tax --- Taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Distribution: General --- Welfare Economics: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Labor Economics: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Income --- Consumption --- Estate tax --- Labor --- Income distribution --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Economics --- Inheritance and transfer tax --- Labor economics --- India --- Income economics

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We compile a novel database on average public and private sector wages and public-private wage differentials, which we use to analyze how average public-private wage differentials vary according to gender and skill level as well as over time. We further examine the dynamic relationship between public and private wage levels and the implications for inflation. On average, public-sector workers earn around 10 percent more relative to comparable private sector workers, with the premium being higher for women, low-skilled workers, and in developing countries. The average public sector wage premium varies counter-cyclically, increasing during economic downturns, and increases prior to elections. Both private sector wages and inflation respond positively to changes in public wages, albeit with significant heterogeneity in the effects across countries reflecting differences in labor market characteristics and prevailing macroeconomic conditions.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public Sector Labor Markets --- Personnel Economics: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Wages --- Public sector wages --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics

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After fifteen years of reconstruction in a relatively peaceful environment spanning the years 1990 to 2004, Lebanon has experienced successive violent political events resulting from complex entangled internal and external struggles. The Syrian crisis and its political, economic and demographic consequences on Lebanon have increased these tensions. This atlas sheds light on these new challenges and adds new data that complete the analyses already published in the Atlas du Liban. Territoires et société (Atlas of Lebanon. Territories and Society) released in 2007 by the same research team. Some of its components are included in this edition. Beyond the international regional crisis and the population movements, it takes into account Lebanon’s socio-economic dimensions, the environmental issues linked to uncontrolled urbanization and to natural risks, as well as conflicts due to local territorial management. This atlas is the result of a collaborative endeavor between French and Lebanese researchers. It uses a geographical approach that puts in the foreground a spatial analysis of social and natural phenomena. Public sources are scarce in Lebanon, especially at the local scale. They are sometimes less reliable and difficult to access. It is particularly the case for the Lebanese census data, conversely data are abundantly available on the refugees population, which is less known than the population of refugees. International data help compare Lebanon to its neighbors. Thematic data produced by some ministries are helpful to provide a detailed view regarding specific domains. Analyses processed on aerial and satellite images have produced essential data on urbanization and environment. Local thematic fieldwork surveys have provided additional data. The book consists of seven chapters. The first one deals with the territorial state-building seen in the light of regional geopolitics, and emphasizes internal violence and the reemergence of militias and armed groups that…

Geography --- cartographie --- migration --- géopolitique --- fragmentation --- pauvreté --- urbanisation --- dégradation environnementale --- inégalité régionale --- changement climatique --- mobilisation sociale --- pénurie d'eau --- pénurie éléctrique --- crise des déchets --- urbanisme --- reconstruction --- réfugié --- gestion locale --- décentralisation --- cartography --- refugees --- geopolitics --- regional inequalities --- poverty --- urbanization --- environmental degradation --- pollution --- climate change --- natural risks --- water shortage --- electricity shortage --- solid waste crisis --- city planning --- social mobilization --- local spatial management --- decentralization --- planning controversies