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Coronary Disease --- Community Health Services. --- Risk Factors. --- Coronary heart disease --- Artères coronaires --- epidemiology. --- Epidemiology. --- Maladies --- Epidémiologie --- Community Health Services --- Risk Factors --- Population at Risk --- Populations at Risk --- Factor, Risk --- Factors, Risk --- Risk Factor --- Risk, Population at --- Risk, Populations at --- Organs at Risk --- Community Healthcare --- Health Services, Community --- Services, Community Health --- Community Health Care --- Care, Community Health --- Community Health Service --- Community Healthcares --- Health Care, Community --- Health Service, Community --- Healthcare, Community --- Healthcares, Community --- Service, Community Health --- Public Health Administration --- Social Work --- Community Health Planning --- Coronary arteries --- Coronary arteriosclerosis --- Coronary disease --- Coronary thrombosis --- Ischemic heart disease --- Myocardial ischemia --- Heart --- Type A behavior --- Epidemiology --- epidemiology --- Diseases --- Health Correlates --- Risk Factor Scores --- Risk Scores --- Correlates, Health --- Risk Factor Score --- Risk Score --- Score, Risk --- Score, Risk Factor --- Social Risk Factors --- Factor, Social Risk --- Factors, Social Risk --- Risk Factor, Social --- Risk Factors, Social --- Social Risk Factor --- Paramedicine

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More than 1 billion people have lifted themselves out of poverty in the past 15 years, but climate and disaster risks threaten these achievements. Global asset losses from disasters are now reaching an average of more than USD 300 billion a year. A recent World Bank report finds that the impacts of disasters on well-being are equivalent to a USD 520 billion drop in consumption (60 percent more than the asset losses usually reported) and force some 26 million people into poverty every year (Hallegatte and others, 2017). Moreover, countries face increasingly complex threats that often compound the negative impacts of disaster and climate shocks, ranging from migration caused by fragility and conflict situations, to the risk of pandemics. For instance, it is estimated that 93 percent of people facing extreme poverty today are living in countries that are politically fragile or environmentally vulnerable, and in many cases, both. The United Nations' humanitarian appeal for 2017, for example, stands at a record USD 22.2 billion, to help almost 93 million people affected by conflicts and natural disasters. Climate change exacerbates some of these risks by increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. In addition, economic growth and rapid urbanization increase exposure. Building resilience is therefore crucial to safeguard poverty reduction efforts and promote sustainable and inclusive development, particularly for the poor and vulnerable, who are the least able to cope with and adapt to increasing risks. To achieve the overarching objective of reducing the protection gap in vulnerable developing countries, and to catalyze action around these priority areas and activities, the G20 could promote the creation of a Global Partnership for Climate and Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance Solutions. The Global Partnership could bring together relevant partners from developing and developed countries, international organizations, the private sector, and civil society. To achieve maximum impact, the Global Partnership would leverage the comparative advantages of all partners and build on the work of existing platforms and initiatives. It will leverage the technical expertise and capacity of the private insurance and reinsurance industry. The G20 could develop a work program structured around the four priority action areas identified above to specify how countries will support specific activities. Such efforts will not only promote financial protection and help close the protection gap, but will also support the broader disaster and climate resilience agenda.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Climate Change --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Hazard Risk Management --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Natural Disasters --- Risk Management --- Social Development --- Social Risk Management --- Urban Development

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Over the last few decades, the frequency of major disasters caused by the impact of natural hazards has increased significantly, causing an increase in losses, both total economic and insured. This considerable increase can be fully attributed to weather-related events, which are inherently linked to climate change. The European Union (EU) community, and particularly the countries of South Eastern Europe (SEE), is prone to natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods and forest fires. In the SEE countries, the adverse effects of natural calamities, most of which can be assigned to climate change, are already being felt in many sectors of economy and at the macro level. The main objectives of this study have been two-fold. On the one hand, the study has attempted to establish the extent of financial vulnerability of governments and households to natural hazards in ten countries of South Eastern Europe. On the other hand, the study aims to outline a range of practical solutions and policy recommendations for the problem of the growing financial exposure from disasters caused by the impact of natural hazards for governments, businesses and individuals.This study is intended for four principal audiences: government officials in SEE countries; World Bank staff involved in disaster risk financing and reconstruction projects; the international development community; and the private insurance and reinsurance industry. The structure of the report is as follows: Chapter I is an Introduction. Chapter II reviews the EU regional financial safety net mechanisms that can be mobilized in case of major disasters caused by the impact of natural hazards, focusing mainly on the EU Solidarity Fund. Chapter III examines the fiscal capacity of SEE countries to cope on their own with large disaster events. Chapter IV reviews the existing diverse experience in covering the losses from disasters caused by the impact of natural hazards in disaster risk insurance in France, Spain and Germany. Chapter V presents an overview of the state of disaster insurance markets in SEE countries. Chapter VI presents the main findings and policy recommendations.

Conflict and Development --- Disaster Management --- Finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Hazard Risk Management --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Natural Disasters --- Risk --- Risk Management --- Social Development --- Social Risk Management --- Urban Development

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Traditional risk assessments use asset losses as the main metric to measure the severity of a disaster. This paper proposes an expanded risk assessment based on a framework that adds socioeconomic resilience and uses wellbeing losses as the main measure of disaster severity. Using an agent-based model that represents explicitly the recovery and reconstruction process at the household level, this risk assessment provides new insights into disaster risks in Sri Lanka. The analysis indicates that regular flooding events can move tens of thousands of Sri Lankans into transient poverty at once, hindering the country's recent progress on poverty eradication and shared prosperity. As metrics of disaster impacts, poverty incidence and well-being losses facilitate quantification of the benefits of interventions like rapid post-disaster support and adaptive social protection systems. Such investments efficiently reduce wellbeing losses by making exposed and vulnerable populations more resilient. Nationally and on average, the bottom income quintile suffers only 7 percent of the total asset losses but 32 percent of the total wellbeing losses. Average annual wellbeing losses due to fluvial flooding in Sri Lanka are estimated at USD 119 million per year, more than double the asset losses of USD 78 million. Asset losses are reported to be highly concentrated in Colombo district, and wellbeing losses are more widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, the paper applies the socioeconomic resilience framework to a cost-benefit analysis of prospective adaptive social protection systems, based on enrollment in Samurdhi, the main social support system in Sri Lanka.

Cost-Benefit Analysis --- Environment --- Hazard Risk Management --- Natural Disaster --- Natural Disasters --- Natural Hazards --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty, Environment and Development --- Resilience --- Risk Assessment --- Risk Management --- Social Development --- Social Protection --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Risk Management --- Welfare --- Wellbeing

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In the last four years Myanmar's economy has seen a slight shift away from agriculture toward industry and services. This may mark the beginning of a structural transformation away from a rural, agricultural economy toward a more urban, industrial and service-based economy. Urbanization and job creation in urban areas have the potential to have a significant impact on labor and mobility patterns, especially for the landless and land-poor workers that account for a large part of the rural workforce. Domestic migration has been a critical component of the way many other countries in the region, including South Korea, China, and Vietnam, have managed to reduce poverty and support resilient livelihoods. However, pursuing these opportunities often entails significant risk for poor migrant households, who often have little capacity to absorb the shocks of failed migration attempts. Developing access to a knowledge base that enables them to manage risk more easily and make more informed choices around migration is critical to supporting their livelihoods. Migration flows can also have long-term social and economic consequences in rural areas as members of the labor force, particularly young people, move into cities and towns. This entails major public policy choices around areas such as spatial development, urbanization, service delivery, and poverty reduction. The government will need information on anticipated migrant flows in order to make the right policy choices and to plan for and provide services to people arriving from rural areas into urban settings. Within this evolving context, understanding the motivations, patterns, and dynamics of existing migration practices is critical in order to assist balanced and inclusive development in Myanmar by supporting safe and informed migration. The primary objective of this study is to collect detailed evidence and provide an objective assessment of how, and to what extent, migration within and from particular regions of Myanmar affects the livelihoods of rural households and the social and economic environment of villages. It seeks to understand how migration decisions take place, the key obstacles and risks faced by migrants, and the individual and household strategies that evolve to manage them. It also seeks to capture broader changes over time in sending communities, and how the departure and return of migrants affects social and economic dynamics at home and within the village. The study focuses on the Ayeyarwady Region and the Magway Region of Myanmar, which are home to large numbers of Myanmar's rural poor and are also close to two of the major centers of growth and job creation in the country, Yangon and Mandalay respectively. In these areas, the study applies a mixed-methods approach to the four key questions outlined.

Human Migrations & Resettlements --- Living Standards --- Migration --- Other Social Development --- Poverty Reduction --- Risk Management --- Rural Development --- Rural Policies and Institutions --- Social analysis --- Social analysis and Monitoring --- Social Dev/Gender/Inclusion --- Social Development --- Social Risk Management