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In this innovative study, Joshua D. Garroway offers a revised account of the origin of the all-important Christian word “gospel,” yielding significant new insights into the development of early Christian history and literature. Long thought to have originated on the lips of Jesus or his disciples, “gospel” was in fact coined by Paul midway through his career to describe his controversial new interpretation of Jesus’ death and resurrection. For nearly a decade after the crucifixion, the thoroughly Jewish Jesus movement demanded circumcision and Law observance from Gentile converts. Only in the early 40s did Paul arrive at the belief that such observance was no longer necessary, an insight he dubbed “the gospel,” or good news. The remainder of Paul’s career featured clashes with authorities over the legitimacy of the gospel, debates that continued after his death in the writings of Mark, Matthew, and Luke-Acts. These writings obscured the original context of the gospel, however, and in time the word lost its specific association with Paul and his scandalous notion of salvation outside the Law. .
Theology. --- Religion-History. --- Middle East-History. --- Christian Theology. --- History of Religion. --- History of the Middle East. --- Christian theology --- Theology --- Theology, Christian --- Christianity --- Religion --- Religion—History. --- Middle East—History.
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This book documents the changing role of the Islamic Waqf institution in Cyprus and the conservation of Waqf heritage buildings of Ottoman and Western origins. Previously ignored archives of documents detailing the conservation of Waqf buildings during Ottoman and British rule allow a fine-grained analysis of the colonial introduction of Western approaches to heritage conservation. Colonial rule saw major legislative and administrative changes to the originally autonomous Ottoman Waqf institution, which had already been subject to reforms under the Ottoman regime. Under British rule, Western heritage concepts and modern architectural conservation discourses became the core conservation principles in Cyprus. Earlier centralisation attempts during the Ottoman Tanzimat (1831-1876), and the procedural, technical, and political reconfigurations during the British colonial era in Cyprus (1878-1960), were key factors of the transformation of the Waqf’s traditional building upkeep system. These imperial interventions, their orientalist mindset, and the rise of nationalism, finally led to the erosion of Waqf in Cyprus as a non-Western and sustainable form of building conservation. This study reveals how the Western approach, the forms of expertise it privileges, and pragmatic diversions from this practice for political purposes, were useful in neutralizing the legitimacy of local practices, except in cases where opportunistic ‘recognition’ of their utility played a role in inter-communal, colonial, nationalist, and inter-imperial politics.
Islam. --- Ethnology-Middle East . --- Middle East-History. --- Middle Eastern Culture. --- History of the Middle East. --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Ethnology—Middle East . --- Middle East—History.
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Irrigation --- Ecology --- Environnement --- History. --- Histoire --- Middle East --- Moyen-Orient --- History --- Environmental conditions --- Irrigation - Middle East - History.
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Coffee --- Coffeehouses --- Coffee industry --- History --- Coffee - History --- Coffeehouses - History --- Coffee industry - History --- Coffee - Middle East - History
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Middle East --- History --- Civilization --- Arab countries --- Middle East - History - To 622 --- Middle East - Civilization - To 622
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Armenia --- Middle East --- History --- Arménie --- Armenia - History - To 428 --- Middle East - History - To 622
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Arabs --- History --- Middle East --- Arab countries --- Arabs - History - To 622 --- Middle East - History - To 622