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The current crisis calls for two main sets of policy measures. First, measures to repair the financial system. Second, measures to increase demand and restore confidence. While some of these measures overlap, the focus of this note is on the second set of policies, and more specifically, given the limited room for monetary policy, on fiscal policy.

Monetary policy --- Quantitative easing (Monetary policy) --- History

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The possible global repercussions from the ongoing turmoil in the Euro Area and recent calls for enhanced emergency assistance in the Middle East and North African region are reminders of the urgent need for a more effective global financial safety net to deal with increased interconnectedness and volatility. Past work by staff identified gaps in the Fund's lending toolkit to respond to liquidity needs of members with relatively strong fundamentals affected during systemic crises (the crisis bystanders), and to address urgent financing needs arising in a broader range of circumstances than natural disasters and post-conflict situations. The companion paper on the Review of the Flexible Credit Line (FCL) and Precautionary Credit Line (PCL) also identified gaps in the overall flexibility of the financing toolkit. This paper provides proposals to fill these gaps, while preserving the simplicity and coherence of the lending framework, and balancing members' financing needs against the need for adequate safeguards for the use of Fund resources.

Monetary policy --- Quantitative easing (Monetary policy) --- History.

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On July 1, 2009, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund discussed the Managing Director's proposal for a framework for issuing notes to the official sector. The framework approved by the Executive Board was adapted on the basis of these discussions, as reflected in supplement 2 of the paper. It enables members to invest in IMF paper under note purchase agreements approved by the Board, without any pre-specified limit on the cumulative amount committed under note purchase agreements. The actual issuance of notes will occur should the IMF need additional resources at the time of a loan disbursement to a member. The notes would have similar financial terms to the IMF's recent bilateral borrowing agreements.

Monetary policy --- Quantitative easing (Monetary policy) --- History.

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Canada has a highly developed insurance market that is important to Canada's economy. Insurance penetration and density are as expected for an advanced economy like Canada. Canada is home to three large life-and-health (L and H) insurance conglomerates that are globally active, with only approximately a third of their business within Canada. In contrast to the L and H insurance industry, the property-and-casaulty (P and C) insurance industry is less concentrated, and foreign-owned insurance subsidiaries and branches have a significant market share. There are three mortgage insurers operating in Canada. The largest mortgage insurer is the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), which is a federal government agency that operates on a commercial basis; CMHC also has a separate social housing mandate. All mortgage insurers benefit from an explicit government guarantee; however, a deductible of 10 percent of the original principal amount of the insured mortgage applies to a lender's claim in respect to an insurance contract written by either of the two private mortgage insurers.

Monetary policy --- Quantitative easing (Monetary policy) --- History.

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This Selected Issues paper on the Philippines explores export performance in the context of global trade tensions. Unlike many Asian countries, the Philippines' exports of goods have remained stable through the ongoing period of global trade tensions. Its low participation in global trade as well as in global value chains relative-to-peers seems to explain why the Philippines has not yet been negatively impacted by the trade tensions. On the other hand, despite its close trade ties with the United States, the Philippines has not benefitted much from trade diversion originated from the US-China bilateral tariffs, unlike Vietnam and Mexico. Philippines' exports have slightly increased in dollar terms since 2017, but they have remained broadly stable in GDP terms. The Philippines does not appear to have benefitted much from the US-China trade tensions, but it has performed better than many of its peers at the aggregate level. The comparative advantages of the Philippines in terms of exports reside in high tech industries, which constitute its main exports. The Philippines has a revealed comparative advantage in exporting from high technology industries. In sum, the disaggregated trade data evidence suggests that the Philippines was not able to scale-up its exports to the United States as much as Vietnam and Mexico in many high- to medium-tech goods included in the US tariff lists.

Monetary policy --- Quantitative easing (Monetary policy) --- History.