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Le présent mémoire explore les influences éventuelles du genre, de l’impulsivité, de l’aversion au risque et de l'estime de soi sur le taux d’omission, en mettant particulièrement l'accent sur le contexte des tests à choix multiples. Cette étude s'appuie notamment sur deux recherches antérieures significatives. La première, réalisée par Ben-Shakhar et Sinai (1990), a porté sur un échantillon de 604 étudiants universitaires (avec une répartition égale entre filles et garçons) et a révélé que, lors de tests à choix multiples dans différentes matières, les filles obtenaient des scores significativement plus bas que les garçons. Il a été observé que les filles tendaient à omettre plus de réponses que les garçons, suggérant une propension réduite à deviner. Cette caractéristique pourrait être une des principales explications de leurs scores inférieurs.

La seconde étude pertinent pour ce mémoire a été menée par Marín et Rosa-García en 2011. Elle a confirmé la tendance des filles à laisser plus de questions sans réponse dans les examens à choix multiples, indiquant une possible aversion au risque plus élevée chez les filles par rapport aux garçons. Ces conclusions ont renforcé l'hypothèse d'une discrimination implicite dans la conception des examens à choix multiples, défavorisant les filles en raison de leur aversion au risque et leur moindre tendance à l'audace dans les réponses.

Malgré de nombreuses recherches sur le genre, les chercheurs ne sont pas unanimes quant à l’existence d’un lien entre le genre, l’impulsivité, l’aversion au risque, l’estime de soi et le taux d’omission individuellement. À notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a exploré le lien entre ces variables et le taux d’omission. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’explorer ces relations afin de prédire le taux d’omission.

taux d'omission --- genre --- correction for guessing --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Education & enseignement

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Die vorliegende Studie stellt die in der internationalen Forschungsliteratur zur Argumentweglassung weit verbreitete Annahme, dass objektlosen Varianten der Verben, die Argumentweglassung erlauben, häufig mit semantischen Spezialisierungen - (In-)Definitheit, sortale Spezifikation, implizite Reflexivität und Polarisierung - verbunden sind, in Frage.In Korpusrecherchen und Fragebogenuntersuchungen geht es vor allem darum zu ermitteln, ob es vor dem Hintergrund einer Polysemie-Hypothese nicht unter Umständen angebrachter wäre, die Weglassungsoption einer von mehreren Verblesarten zuzuordnen, der sie - zumindest was die sortale Einengung des Objekts betrifft - dann keine Interpretationsbesonderheiten im Vergleich mit der Vollvariante hinzufügt. Vielmehr übernimmt sie die sortalen Besonderheiten der jeweiligen Verblesart; die Weglassung wäre somit sortal‐semantisch neutral.Umfangreiche Einzelverbuntersuchungen werden zeigen, dass einzig die Festlegung auf kontextuell gegebene Argumente bei definiter Weglassung als Effekt von lexikalisch bedingter Weglassung analysiert werden kann. Alle anderen beobachtbaren semantischen Besonderheiten impliziter Argumente ergeben sich aus den reichhaltigen Polysemiestrukturen der untersuchten Verben. Transitive verbs can often leave their arguments implicit. Until now, the objectless variants of these verbs have been frequently associated with specific meanings. This volume demonstrates that most verbs have different interpretations with different valency frames and specific conditions for omission. Accordingly, statements about omission and their semantic consequences must be applied to the interpretations of a verb.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Semantics --- Verb --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Semantics. --- Argument omission. --- polysemy. --- verb valency. --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Verb

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Gynecologic Surgical Procedures --- Laparotomy --- Medical Errors --- Chirurgie --- Gynaecologie - verloskunde --- Critical Incidents, Medical --- Critical Medical Incidents --- Errors, Medical --- Errors, Surgical --- Medical Error of Commission --- Medical Error of Omission --- Medical Errors of Commission --- Medical Errors of Omission --- Medical Mistake --- Mistake, Medical --- Mistakes, Medical --- Never Event --- Surgical Error --- Wrong-Patient Surgery --- Wrong-Procedure Errors --- Wrong-Site Surgery --- Medical Mistakes --- Surgical Errors --- Commission Medical Error --- Commission Medical Errors --- Critical Incident, Medical --- Critical Medical Incident --- Error, Medical --- Error, Surgical --- Error, Wrong-Procedure --- Errors, Wrong-Procedure --- Event, Never --- Events, Never --- Incident, Critical Medical --- Incident, Medical Critical --- Incidents, Critical Medical --- Incidents, Medical Critical --- Medical Critical Incident --- Medical Critical Incidents --- Medical Error --- Medical Incident, Critical --- Medical Incidents, Critical --- Never Events --- Omission Medical Error --- Omission Medical Errors --- Surgeries, Wrong-Patient --- Surgeries, Wrong-Site --- Surgery, Wrong-Patient --- Surgery, Wrong-Site --- Wrong Patient Surgery --- Wrong Procedure Errors --- Wrong Site Surgery --- Wrong-Patient Surgeries --- Wrong-Procedure Error --- Wrong-Site Surgeries --- Iatrogenic Disease --- Risk Management --- adverse effects --- Gynécologie - obstétrique

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This book empirically investigates the social practice of ascribing moral responsibility to others for the things they failed to do, and it discusses the philosophical relevance of this practice. In our everyday life, we often blame others for things they failed to do. For instance, we might blame our neighbour for not watering our plants during our vacation. Interestingly, the attribution of blame is typically accompanied by the attribution of causal responsibility. We do not only blame our neighbour for not watering our plants, but we do so because we believe that not watering the plants caused them to dry up and die. In this book, I investigate how we make moral and causal judgments about omissions. I discuss different philosophical perspectives on this matter, and I outline to what extent the actual social practice is in line with philosophical theories.

Moralische Verantwortung --- moralische Kognition --- moralisches Urteil --- Tadel --- Unterlassung --- kausale Verantwortung --- Kausalität --- experimentelle Philosophie --- moral responsibility --- moral cognition --- moral judgment --- blame --- omission --- causal responsibility --- causation --- experimental philosophy --- folk intuitionsm

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Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Medical Errors --- Safety --- Surgery, Operative --- Medical care --- Nursing --- Chirurgie opératoire --- Soins médicaux --- Soins infirmiers --- standards --- Standards --- Periodicals --- Normes --- Périodiques --- Operations, Surgical --- Surgical errors --- Medical Errors. --- Safety. --- Operations, Surgical. --- Prevention --- standards. --- Prevention. --- Surgical operations --- Safeties --- Critical Incidents, Medical --- Critical Medical Incidents --- Errors, Medical --- Errors, Surgical --- Medical Error of Commission --- Medical Error of Omission --- Medical Errors of Commission --- Medical Errors of Omission --- Medical Mistake --- Mistake, Medical --- Mistakes, Medical --- Never Event --- Surgical Error --- Wrong-Patient Surgery --- Wrong-Procedure Errors --- Wrong-Site Surgery --- Medical Mistakes --- Surgical Errors --- Commission Medical Error --- Commission Medical Errors --- Critical Incident, Medical --- Critical Medical Incident --- Error, Medical --- Error, Surgical --- Error, Wrong-Procedure --- Errors, Wrong-Procedure --- Event, Never --- Events, Never --- Incident, Critical Medical --- Incident, Medical Critical --- Incidents, Critical Medical --- Incidents, Medical Critical --- Medical Critical Incident --- Medical Critical Incidents --- Medical Error --- Medical Incident, Critical --- Medical Incidents, Critical --- Never Events --- Omission Medical Error --- Omission Medical Errors --- Surgeries, Wrong-Patient --- Surgeries, Wrong-Site --- Surgery, Wrong-Patient --- Surgery, Wrong-Site --- Wrong Patient Surgery --- Wrong Procedure Errors --- Wrong Site Surgery --- Wrong-Patient Surgeries --- Wrong-Procedure Error --- Wrong-Site Surgeries --- patient care --- surgical care --- surgical decision making --- surgical quality management --- Surgery --- Iatrogenic Disease --- Risk Management --- Medical errors