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For most of the population of Europe and East and Southeast Asia, the most persistent and significant aspect of their experience of the Second World War was that of occupation by one or more of the Axis powers. In this ambitious and wide-ranging study, Aviel Roshwald brings us the first single-authored, comparative treatment of European and Asian responses to German and Japanese occupation during the war. He illustrates how patriotic, ethno-national, and internationalist identities were manipulated, exploited, reconstructed and reinvented as a result of the wholesale dismantling of states and redrawing of borders. Using eleven case studies from across the two continents, he examines how behavioral choices around collaboration and resistance were conditioned by existing identities or loyalties as well as by short-term cost-benefit calculations, opportunism, or coercion.
World War, 1939-1945 --- Military occupation --- Occupied territories. --- History --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Collaborationists --- Territorial questions --- Underground movements
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This book argues that Chapter XI of the UN Charter should be applied to military occupations. The book operates in two parts. First, it describes the status quo of the law of military occupation and the economic incentive that this status quo holds for the occupant. Second, it shows by way of a contemporary interpretation, how Chapter XI should be applied and what it would mean for the economic rights of the inhabitants. It will be argued that the application of Chapter XI would make it economically unattractive for an occupant to stay in the foreign territory, while leaving his right to self-defense intact.This book is of interest to scholars and practitioners who are seeking new avenues for the laws of military occupation.
Conquest, Right of. --- Military occupation. --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Debellatio --- Right of conquest --- International law --- Military occupation
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Few would contest that the U.S. occupation of Iraq is a clear example of just how fraught a military occupation can become. In Occupational Hazards, David M. Edelstein elucidates the occasional successes of military occupations and their more frequent failures. Edelstein has identified twenty-six cases since 1815 in which an outside power seized control of a territory where the occupying party had no long-term claim on sovereignty.In a book that has implications for present-day policy, he draws evidence from such historical cases as well as from four current occupations-Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq-where the outcome is not yet known. Occupation is difficult, in Edelstein's view, because ambitious goals require considerable time and resources, yet both the occupied population and the occupying power want occupation to end quickly and inexpensively; in drawn-out occupations, impatience grows and resources dwindle.This combination sabotages the occupying power's ability to accomplish two tasks: convince an occupied population to suppress its nationalist desires and sustain its own commitment to the occupation. Structural conditions and strategic choices play crucial roles in the success or failure of an occupation. In describing those factors, Edelstein prescribes a course of action for the future.
Military occupation --- History & Archaeology --- History - General --- Military occupation. --- United States --- Armed Forces --- Occupation militaire --- États-Unis --- Forces armées à l'étranger --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government
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Wohl kaum eine Ereignis der deutschen Geschichte hatte so vielfältige und weitreichende Folgen wie das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Der Schock produzierte eine wahre Flut an Überlegungen, Planspielen und Denkschriften, die sich immer wieder mit der Frage der politischen, gesellschaftlichen und moralischen Erneuerung beschäftigten. Weitgehend unbekannt sind in diesem Zusammenhang die heftigen Diskussionen geblieben, die seit Sommer 1945 im deutschen Südwesten entbrannten. Katholische Intellektuelle und Honoratioren sahen nun den Zeitpunkt gekommen, die nationale Bindung aufzugeben; an die Stelle eines preußisch-kleindeutschen Reichs sollte eine stammesföderalistisch geprägte Neugliederung treten. Überlegungen dieser Art lassen sich bereits vor 1933 zwischen Lörrach, Konstanz und Karlsruhe, aber auch bis Augsburg und Bregenz nachweisen. Zusätzliche schien die Aufteilung der Länder Baden und Württemberg durch die französische und amerikanische Besatzungszone, die Chance für eine völlig neue Grenzziehung zu erhöhen. Auf der Basis unbekannter französischer, deutschen, schweizerischer und österreichischer Quellen sowie bislang unzugänglicher Privatnachlässe schildert der Autor minutiös den Verlauf der Diskussion und die Visionen der wichtigsten Wortführer.
Military government --- French --- Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- Military occupation. --- History --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Frenchmen (French people) --- Military rule --- Reconstruction --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Postwar reconstruction --- Ethnology --- Public administration --- Civil-military relations --- Military occupation
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Can foreign invaders successfully exploit industrial economies? Since control over economic resources is a key source of power, the answer affects the likelihood of aggression and how strenuously states should counter it. The resurgence of nationalism has led many policymakers and scholars to doubt that conquest still pays. But, until now, the "cumulativity" of industrial resources has never been subjected to systematic analysis. Does Conquest Pay? demonstrates that expansion can, in fact, provide rewards to aggressor nations. Peter Liberman argues that invaders can exploit industrial societies for short periods of time and can maintain control and economic performance over the long term. This is because modern societies are uniquely vulnerable to coercion and repression. Hence, by wielding a gun in one hand and offering food with the other, determined conquerors can compel collaboration and suppress resistance. Liberman's argument is supported by several historical case studies: Germany's capture of Belgium and Luxembourg during World War I and of nearly all of Europe during World War II; France's seizure of the Ruhr in 1923-24; the Japanese Empire during 1910-45; and Soviet hegemony over Eastern Europe in 1945-89. Does Conquest Pay? suggests that the international system is more war-prone than many optimists claim. Liberman's findings also contribute to debates about the stability of empires and other authoritarian regimes, the effectiveness of national resistance strategies, and the sources of rebellious collective action.
Occupation militaire --- Biens ennemis --- Military occupation --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Economic aspects --- Case studies. --- Economic aspects. --- Enemy property --- Aspect économique --- Case studies --- Military occupation - Economic aspects. --- Military occupation - Economic aspects - Case studies.
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Stirk argues that military occupation should be regarded as a political phenomenon - a distinct form of government at the heart of which is the nature of obligation on the part of both the occupier and the occupied. He aims to promote a change in the understanding of occupation thereby avoiding the perpetuation of recent failures in this area.
Military occupation --- Military occupation. --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Political aspects. --- Military rule --- Public administration --- Civil-military relations --- Military government. --- Occupation militaire --- Gouvernement militaire
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Codified in the 1899 & 1907 Hague Peace Conferences & later modified by the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention, the international law of occupation has been challenged by advocates of human rights & self-determination, & tested on numerous occasions, most recently in Iraq.
Military occupation. --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Military occupation --- International law. --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Occupation --- International law
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In the twenty-first century, political conflict and militarization have come to constitute a global social condition rather than a political exception. Military occupation increasingly informs the politics of both democracies and dictatorships, capitalist and formerly socialist regimes, raising questions about its relationship to sovereignty and the nation-state form. Israel and India are two of the world's most powerful postwar democracies yet have long-standing military occupations. Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Turkey have passed through periods of military dictatorship, but democracy has yielded little for their ethnic minorities who have been incorporated into the electoral process. Sri Lanka and Bangladesh (like India, Pakistan, and Turkey) have felt the imprint of socialism; declarations of peace after long periods of conflict in these countries have not improved the conditions of their minority or indigenous peoples but rather have resulted in "violent peace" and remilitarization. Indeed, the existence of standing troops and ongoing state violence against peoples struggling for self-determination in these regions suggests the expanding and everyday nature of military occupation. Such everydayness raises larger issues about the dominant place of the military in society and the social values surrounding militarism. Everyday Occupations examines militarization from the standpoints of both occupier and occupied. With attention to gender, poetics, satire, and popular culture, contributors who have lived and worked in occupied areas in the Middle East and South Asia explore what kinds of society are foreclosed or made possible by militarism. The outcome is a powerful contribution to the ethnography of political violence. Contributors: Nosheen Ali, Kabita Chakma, Richard Falk, Sandya Hewamanne, Mohamad Junaid, Rhoda Kanaaneh, Hisyar Ozsoy, Cheran Rudhramoorthy, Serap Ruken Sengul, Kamala Visweswaran.
Ethnic conflict --- Militarism --- Military occupation --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Antimilitarism --- Military policy --- Sociology, Military --- Chauvinism and jingoism --- Imperialism --- Conflict, Ethnic --- Ethnic violence --- Inter-ethnic conflict --- Interethnic conflict --- Ethnic relations --- Social conflict --- Social aspects --- Anthropology. --- Folklore. --- Human Rights. --- Law. --- Linguistics. --- Political Science.
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"This book offers a unique look at the colonial creation of Muslim subjects during the early years of American rule in the southern Philippines. It examines the Islamic Philippines during its most formative period in modernity--a period indispensible to discussions of integration in the Filipino Islamic South"--
Muslims --- Military occupation --- History. --- Social aspects --- Mindanao Island (Philippines) --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Mohammedans --- Moors (People) --- Moslems --- Muhammadans --- Musalmans --- Mussalmans --- Mussulmans --- Mussulmen --- Religious adherents --- Islam --- Magindanao Island (Philippines) --- Mindinao Island (Philippines) --- American empire, colonial engineering, race and colonialism.
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Military occupation. --- Armed Forces --- Disengagement (Military science) --- Political activity. --- Battle termination --- Combat --- Tactics --- Civil-military relations --- Political participation --- Sociology, Military --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government