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Belief revision theory and philosophy of science both aspire to shed light on the dynamics of knowledge – on how our view of the world changes (typically) in the light of new evidence. Yet these two areas of research have long seemed strangely detached from each other, as witnessed by the small number of cross-references and researchers working in both domains. One may speculate as to what has brought about this surprising, and perhaps unfortunate, state of affairs. One factor may be that while belief revision theory has traditionally been pursued in a bottom- up manner, focusing on the endeavors of single inquirers, philosophers of science, inspired by logical empiricism, have tended to be more interested in science as a multi-agent or agent-independent phenomenon.

Belief change. --- Science -- Philosophy. --- Science --- Belief change --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Philosophy & Religion --- Sciences - General --- Philosophy --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Conditionals (Logic) --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Formalization (Philosophy) --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Conditional statements (Logic) --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Philosophy. --- Logic. --- Philosophy and science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Form (Philosophy) --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Logic --- Methodology --- Psychology --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Reasoning --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Thought and thinking --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Science and philosophy

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Conditionals are omnipresent, in everyday life as well as in scientific environments; they represent generic knowledge acquired inductively or learned from books. They tie a flexible and highly interrelated network of connections along which reasoning is possible and which can be applied to different situations. Therefore, conditionals are important, but also quite problematic objects in knowledge representation. This book presents a new approach to conditionals which captures their dynamic, non-proportional nature particularly well by considering conditionals as agents shifting possible worlds in order to establish relationships and beliefs. This understanding of conditionals yields a rich theory which makes complex interactions between conditionals transparent and operational. Moreover,it provides a unifying and enhanced framework for knowledge representation, nonmonotonic reasoning, belief revision,and even for knowledge discovery.

Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Conditionals (Logic) --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Conditionals (Logic). --- Conditional statements (Logic) --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Computer science. --- Mathematical logic. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Logic --- Reasoning --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Informatics --- Science --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism

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Nonmonotonic logics were created as an abstraction of some types of common sense reasoning, analogous to the way classical logic serves to formalize ideal reasoning about mathematical objects. These logics are nonmonotonic in the sense that enlarging the set of axioms does not necessarily imply an enlargement of the set of formulas deducible from these axioms. Such situations arise naturally, for example, in the use of information of different degrees of reliability. This book emphasizes basic concepts by outlining connections between different formalisms of nonmonotonic logic, and gives a coherent presentation of recent research results and reasoning techniques. It provides a self-contained state-of-the-art survey of the area addressing researchers in AI lo.

Default reasoning --- Logic --- Artificial intelligence --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Artificial intelligence. --- Default reasoning. --- Logic. --- Nonmonotonic reasoning. --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Computer science. --- Mathematical logic. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism

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This volume contains revised and extended versions of the papers presented at the Second International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning, held in Grassau (FRG), June 13-15, 1988. The workshop brought together researchers with different backgrounds, including non-monotonic logic, logic programming, truth maintenance and philosophy. Their papers contain substantial advances to the logical foundations of non-monotonic reasoning, its computational realization, and its application to the formalization of common sense reasoning. The book presents a snapshot of the state of the art in this research area, and provides in-depth discussions of current problems and approaches.

Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Artificial intelligence --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Logic, symbolic and mathematical --- Congresses --- -Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- -Nonmonotonic reasoning --- -681.3*I23 --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Reasoning --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Deduction and theorem proving: answer/reason extraction; reasoning; resolution; metatheory; mathematical induction; logic programming (Artificial intelligence) --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Congresses. --- 681.3*I23 Deduction and theorem proving: answer/reason extraction; reasoning; resolution; metatheory; mathematical induction; logic programming (Artificial intelligence) --- 681.3*I23 --- Artificial intelligence. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Artificial intelligence - Congresses --- Nonmonotonic reasoning - Congresses --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical - Congresses

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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Extensions of Logic Programming, NMELP '96, held in Bad Honnef, Germany, in September 1996. The nine full papers presented in the volume in revised version were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 18 submissions; the set of papers addresses theoretical, applicational and implementational issues and reflects the current state of the art in the area of non-monotonic extensions of logic programming. An introductory survey by the volume editors entitled "Prolegomena to Logic Programming for Non-Monotonic Reasoning" deserves special mentioning; it contains a bibliography listing 136 entries.

Logic programming --- Nonmonotonic reasoning --- Congresses. --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Congresses --- Non-monotonic reasoning --- Computer science. --- Architecture, Computer. --- Computer programming. --- Programming languages (Electronic computers). --- Mathematical logic. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Computer System Implementation. --- Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Programming Techniques. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Computer languages --- Computer program languages --- Computer programming languages --- Machine language --- Languages, Artificial --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Architecture, Computer --- Informatics --- Science --- Programming --- Computer network architectures. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Architectures, Computer network --- Network architectures, Computer --- Computer architecture --- Logic programming - Congresses --- Nonmonotonic reasoning - Congresses.