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This book is a collection of research papers that describe some of the latest research on lithium niobate, which is an important material with many technological applications. The papers fall into three sections, which respectively consider the relationship between photorefractive properties and the defect structure of lithium niobate, powder preparation using a wet chemistry method and high-energy ball-milling technique, and finally the investigation of the domain structures, stability and conduction, and applications in waveguide devices.

Research & information: general --- lithium niobate --- optical storage materials --- photorefractive materials --- high-energy ball-milling --- nanocrystals --- mechanochemical reaction --- chemical composition --- powders --- microparticles --- photonic electric-field sensor --- titanium diffused optical channel waveguide --- lithium–niobate electro-optic effect --- Y-fed balanced-bridge Mach-Zehnder interferometer (YBB-MZI) --- electro-optic modulator --- lithium niobate thin film --- proton exchange --- Mach-Zehnder --- integrated optics devices --- doping magnesium --- Bridgman method --- high homogeneity --- thermal stability --- nano-domain --- LNOI --- pre-heat treatment --- divalent --- trivalent --- tetravalent --- pentavalent and hexavalent doping --- computer modelling --- photorefractive properties --- defect structure --- conducting domain walls --- ferroelectric films --- lithium niobate-on-insulator --- scanning probe microscopy --- non-volatile memory

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This book is a collection of research papers that describe some of the latest research on lithium niobate, which is an important material with many technological applications. The papers fall into three sections, which respectively consider the relationship between photorefractive properties and the defect structure of lithium niobate, powder preparation using a wet chemistry method and high-energy ball-milling technique, and finally the investigation of the domain structures, stability and conduction, and applications in waveguide devices.

lithium niobate --- optical storage materials --- photorefractive materials --- high-energy ball-milling --- nanocrystals --- mechanochemical reaction --- chemical composition --- powders --- microparticles --- photonic electric-field sensor --- titanium diffused optical channel waveguide --- lithium–niobate electro-optic effect --- Y-fed balanced-bridge Mach-Zehnder interferometer (YBB-MZI) --- electro-optic modulator --- lithium niobate thin film --- proton exchange --- Mach-Zehnder --- integrated optics devices --- doping magnesium --- Bridgman method --- high homogeneity --- thermal stability --- nano-domain --- LNOI --- pre-heat treatment --- divalent --- trivalent --- tetravalent --- pentavalent and hexavalent doping --- computer modelling --- photorefractive properties --- defect structure --- conducting domain walls --- ferroelectric films --- lithium niobate-on-insulator --- scanning probe microscopy --- non-volatile memory

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The philosophical theory of scientific explanation proposed here involves a radically new treatment of causality that accords with the pervasively statistical character of contemporary science. Wesley C. Salmon describes three fundamental conceptions of scientific explanation--the epistemic, modal, and ontic. He argues that the prevailing view (a version of the epistemic conception) is untenable and that the modal conception is scientifically out-dated. Significantly revising aspects of his earlier work, he defends a causal/mechanical theory that is a version of the ontic conception. Professor Salmon's theory furnishes a robust argument for scientific realism akin to the argument that convinced twentieth-century physical scientists of the existence of atoms and molecules. To do justice to such notions as irreducibly statistical laws and statistical explanation, he offers a novel account of physical randomness. The transition from the "reviewed view" of scientific explanation (that explanations are arguments) to the causal/mechanical model requires fundamental rethinking of basic explanatory concepts.

Science --- Sciences --- Philosophy. --- Methodology. --- Philosophie --- Méthodologie --- Philosophy --- Methodology --- -Science --- -Natural science --- Science of science --- -Methodology --- Méthodologie --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Aristotle. --- Bohr, Niels. --- Bromberger, Sylvain. --- Compton scattering. --- Davisson-Germer experiment. --- Humean problems. --- Jackson, Reggie. --- King, John L. --- Laplacian explanation. --- action-by-contact. --- aleatory explanation. --- alpha radiation. --- behaviorism. --- bone, worked. --- cancer. --- carriage accident. --- causal relation. --- collective (von Mises). --- contrast class. --- disjunctive dilution. --- effective calculability. --- energeticism. --- epidemiology. --- expectation. --- explanans-partition. --- explanans. --- first signal, light as. --- forecast, reliable. --- gambling system. --- gravitational radiation. --- high probability requirement. --- homogeneity. --- ignorance. --- improbable event. --- inferential version. --- lambda-definability. --- leukemia. --- logical empiricism. --- magnifying glass. --- materialism. --- microphysical entities. --- microscope. --- mononucleosis. --- necessary connection. --- nonrandomness. --- operationism. --- pair production/annihilation. --- partial entailment. --- plausibility. --- presupposition. --- psychotherapy. --- quantum domain. --- recursiveness. --- Nauka --- metodologia. --- filozofia. --- Science - Philosophy --- Science - Methodology

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Since the 1980's, arguments for a multicultural Japan have gained considerable currency against an entrenched myth of national homogeneity. Working Skin enters this conversation with an ethnography of Japan's "Buraku" people. Touted as Japan's largest minority, the Buraku are stigmatized because of associations with labor considered unclean, such as leather and meat production. That labor, however, is vanishing from Japan: Liberalized markets have sent these jobs overseas, and changes in family and residential record-keeping have made it harder to track connections to these industries. Multiculturalism, as a project of managing difference, comes into ascendancy and relief just as the labor it struggles to represent is disappearing. Working Skin develops this argument by exploring the interconnected work of tanners in Japan, Buraku rights activists and their South Asian allies, as well as cattle ranchers in West Texas, United Nations officials, and international NGO advocates. Moving deftly across these engagements, Joseph Hankins analyzes the global political and economic demands of the labor of multiculturalism. Written in accessible prose, this book speaks to larger theoretical debates in critical anthropology, Asian and cultural studies, and examinations of liberalism and empire, and it will appeal to audiences interested in social movements, stigmatization, and the overlapping circulation of language, politics, and capital.

Working class --- Labor --- Multiculturalism --- Buraku people --- Cultural diversity policy --- Cultural pluralism --- Cultural pluralism policy --- Ethnic diversity policy --- Social policy --- Anti-racism --- Ethnicity --- Cultural fusion --- Aeta (Japanese people) --- Burakumin (Japanese people) --- Eta --- Eta (Japanese people) --- Special-village people (Japanese people) --- Tokushu burakumin (Japanese people) --- Caste --- Ethnology --- Government policy. --- Social conditions. --- Government policy --- Japan --- Politics and government --- J4203 --- J4352 --- Social conditions --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- communities -- social classes and groups -- outcasts, burakumin, hinin --- Japan: Economy and industry -- labor and employment -- social conditions --- Politics and government. --- anthropology. --- asia pacific modern series. --- buraka rights activists. --- buraku people. --- cultural studies. --- ethnographic research. --- global politics. --- historical. --- history of japan. --- history. --- international advocates. --- japan. --- japanese culture. --- japanese politics. --- japanese. --- labor of multiculturalism. --- labor. --- leather production. --- liberalized markets. --- managing difference. --- meat production. --- minority groups. --- multicultural japan. --- national homogeneity. --- political. --- prejudice. --- social movements. --- south asia. --- stigmatized groups. --- tanners. --- united nations.

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Induction machines are one of the most important technical applications for both the industrial world and private use. Since their invention (achievements of Galileo Ferraris, Nikola Tesla, and Michal Doliwo-Dobrowolski), they have been widely used in different electrical drives and as generators, thanks to their features such as reliability, durability, low price, high efficiency, and resistance to failure. The methods for designing and using induction machines are similar to the methods used in other electric machines but have their own specificity. Many issues discussed here are based on the fundamental achievements of authors such as Nasar, Boldea, Yamamura, Tegopoulos, and Kriezis, who laid the foundations for the development of induction machines, which are still relevant today. The control algorithms are based on the achievements of Blaschke (field vector-oriented control) and Depenbrock or Takahashi (direct torque control), who created standards for the control of induction machines. Today’s induction machines must meet very stringent requirements of reliability, high efficiency, and performance. Thanks to the application of highly efficient numerical algorithms, it is possible to design induction machines faster and at a lower cost. At the same time, progress in materials science and technology enables the development of new machine topologies. The main objective of this book is to contribute to the development of induction machines in all areas of their applications.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- LIM --- slip frequency --- linear induction motor --- automatic train operation --- rotor field-oriented angle error --- indirect rotor field-oriented control --- induction machine drives --- model-based prediction --- linear induction motors --- finite element analysis --- end effect --- induction machines --- electrical machines --- thermal modeling --- soft magnetic material --- thermal conductivity --- induction motor --- solid rotor --- effective parameters --- finite element method --- modelling of ring induction motors --- Monte Carlo method --- accurate modelling --- induction machine --- electromagnetic models --- model selection --- optimization --- artificial neural networks --- pattern search --- evolutionary strategy --- simulated annealing --- artificial neural network --- fourth central moment --- homogeneity analysis --- induction motors --- mechanical unbalance --- one broken rotor bar --- outer-race bearing fault --- startup transient current --- two broken rotor bars --- three-phase induction motor --- squirrel-cage rotor --- energy efficiency --- motor performance --- n/a --- dynamic model --- Matlab/Simulink --- rotor winding --- stator winding