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In recent years, the industry has started to use parts printed by powder-based laser additive manufacturing (LAM) when precision and good mechanical properties are required. Applications can be found in the aerospace, automotive, and medical sectors. However, the powder materials available are often inadequate for contemporary processing tasks, and often generate process instabilities as well as porosities and defects in the resulting parts. This Special Issue, “New Frontiers in Materials Design for Laser Additive Manufacturing”, focuses on advances in material design and the development of laser additive manufacturing. Of particular interest are original papers dealing with metal and polymer powders for laser powder bed fusion or directed energy deposition. In this Special Issue, we are especially interested in answering the following questions: How can laser process parameters and material properties be adapted to the LAM process via the matrix modification (e.g., alloying, doping, compounding) of powders? How can powder properties like flowability, wetting, porosity, or (heterogeneous) nucleation be adapted to the LAM process via the surface modification of powders? How may calorimetry, high-speed videography, pyrometry, and online spectroscopy, as well as modeling, contribute to understanding dynamics of melting and recrystallization, in addition to the lateral distribution of the thermal process window?

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- powder bed fusion --- magnesium --- process development --- additive manufacturing --- PBF-LB/M --- tool steel (1.2709) --- nanocomposite --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- laser powder bed fusion --- selective laser melting --- oxide dispersion strengthened steel --- phase-field model --- finite element simulation --- nanoparticle interaction --- pure copper --- short wavelength laser system --- green laser --- eddy-current method --- electrical conductivity --- polyamide 12 --- nanocomposites --- nanoparticles --- dispersion --- LB-PBF --- additively manufactured parts --- aluminum alloys --- intermetallics --- thermal exposure --- n/a --- aluminium alloys --- hot cracking --- rapid solidification --- differential fast scanning calorimetry --- undercooling --- grain size --- crack density

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The proposed book is a compilation of a Special Issue on “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”, published in the journal Minerals in 2020. There are 10 papers contributed by experts in the area, and these can be grouped into four categories: leaching from low-grade ores including coal, clay, soil, and red mud; pre-treatment and leaching; recycling; and precipitation and nano-hydrometallurgy. Although these articles are available in the journal Minerals, it is convenient to compile the most valuable information into a book form so that scholars and industrial practitioners can have easy access to it when they need it where the Internet is not easily available. I strongly believe that the book on a very specialized topic matter such as modern extraction technologies of rare earth elements will contribute greatly to the fast-growing industry that needs rare earth elements.

Technology: general issues --- precipitation --- leaching --- complexation --- anion effect --- equilibrium calculation --- rare earth elements --- magnets --- recycling --- recovery --- fluorides --- modelling --- clay minerals --- grain size characteristics --- in situ leaching --- simulated leaching --- ion-absorbed type rare earth ore --- coal --- acid mine drainage --- coal combustion byproducts --- kinetics --- apparent activation energy --- rare-earth elements --- scandium --- alumina production --- sinter processes --- red mud --- electrostatic precipitation dust --- alkali leaching --- lanthanide separation --- magnetic nanohydrometallurgy --- complexing nanoparticles --- magnetic nanoparticles --- magnetophoresis --- monazite processing --- urban mining --- REE --- sulfuric acid baking --- caustic digestion --- acid leaching --- water leaching --- coal utilization byproducts --- pregnant leach solution --- underclay --- organic acid --- rare earths --- distribution factor --- selective precipitation --- oxalates --- organic complexes

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This book contains manuscripts related to alloys (engineering materials) to discuss potential materials, methods for improvement of the strength and cyclic properties of alloys, the stability of microstructures, the possible application of new (or improved) alloys, and the use of treatment for alloy improvement. The broad spectrum of topics included in the articles of this Special Issue demonstrates that research into the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of alloys represents a contemporary field. These topics are also envisaged to be of interest to scientists in other research centers, and we can still expect new developments in this investigation field.

History of engineering & technology --- magnesium alloy --- ECAP --- texture --- mechanical properties --- Co-based alloy --- tribological properties --- wear --- microstructure --- selective laser sintering (SLS) --- powder injection molding (PIM) --- medium-carbon low-alloy steel --- lath martensite --- effective grain size --- strength --- carbon content --- hot-work die steel --- thermal stability --- carbide --- dislocation --- tempering kinetics --- AZ91 magnesium alloys --- age-hardening response --- microstructure evolution --- β-Mg17Al12 phase --- artificial neural network model --- AA6063 --- fly ash --- response surface methodology --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloy --- constitutive equation --- EBSD --- recrystallization --- Cu-Mg alloy --- equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) --- metallic alloys --- chemical composition --- treatment

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Biomaterials—the materials used for the manufacturing of medical devices— are part of everyday life. Each one of us has likely had the experience of visting a dentist’s office, where a number of biomaterials are used temporarily or permanently in the mouth. Devices that are more complex are used for to support, heal, or replace living tissues or organs in the body that are suffering or compromised by different conditions. The materials used in their construction are metals and metallic alloys, polymers—ranging from elastomers to adhesives—and ceramics.Within these three cases, there are materials that are inert in the living environment, that perform an active function, or that are dissolved and resorbed by the metabolic pathways. Biomaterials are the outcome of a dynamic field of research that is driven by a growing demand and by the competition among the manufacturers of medical devices, with innovations improving the performance of existing devices and that contribute to the development of new ones. The collection of papers forming this volume have one particular class of of biomaterial in common, ceramic (bioceramic) composites, which as so far been used in applications such as orthopaedic joint replacement as well as in dental implants and restorations and that is being intensively investigated for bone regeneration applications. Today’s bioceramic composites (alumina–zirconia) are the golden standard in joint replacements. Several manufracturers have proposed different zirconia–alumina composites for use in hip, knee, and shoulder joint replacements, with several other innovative devices also being under study. In addition, bioceramic composites with innovative compositions are under development and will be on the market in years to come. Something that is especially interesting is the application of bioceramic composites in the regeneration of bone tissues. Research has devoted special attention to the doping of well-known materials (i.e., calcium phosphates and silicates) with bioactive ions, aiming to enhance the osteogenic ability and bioresorbability of man-made grafts. Moreover, high expectations rely on hybrid biopolymer/ceramic materials that mimic the complex composition and multiscale structure of bone tissue.

biomaterials --- bone grafts --- bone repair --- dental implants --- scaffolds --- alumina --- zirconia --- Alumina-Toughened Zirconia --- Zirconia-Toughened Alumina --- hip arthroplasty --- calcium phosphates --- hydroxyapatite --- bone cements --- bioactive composites --- bone regeneration --- zirconia–alumina composite --- stabilizing oxides --- critical grain size --- tetragonality --- mechanical properties --- fracture toughness --- flexural strength --- ceramic additive manufacturing --- DLP --- bioceramics --- calcium phosphate --- carbon fibers --- mineralization --- zirconia-toughened alumina --- phase transformation --- Raman spectroscopy --- calcium-based biomineralization --- hydroxyapatite nanoparticles --- biomimicry --- multifunctional materials --- Freeze Foam --- hybrid bone --- biocompatibility --- bone replacement --- transformation toughening --- platelet reinforcement --- hip --- alumina matrix composite --- AMC --- hip prosthesis --- prosthesis --- case series --- ceramic-on-ceramic --- n/a --- zirconia-alumina composite

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Freshwater macroinvertebrates play a crucial role in linking sediments and their processes to the food web. Indeed, environmental modifications (e.g., nitrogen deposition, salinity, and temperature increase), pollution (e.g., pesticides and heavy metals), and introduction of alien species are the main drivers of changes that are affecting their communities. This Special Issue aims to present the past and present knowledge on freshwater macroinvertebrates to understand their role as providers of ecosystem services, to highlight the effects of global changes on their community (in the short and long term), and to underline major gaps in their study. Finally, in order to tackle the currently unsustainable use of freshwater natural capital, we welcome ideas and expert opinions on the development of future research linked to national and international regulations.

biological quality element --- chemical analysis --- Chironomus riparius --- DDTs --- legacy contaminants --- PCBs --- POP --- standard ecotoxicological tests --- Water Framework Directive --- lakes --- invasion biology --- non-indigenous species --- Procambarus Clarkii --- Pacifastacus Leniusculus --- Orconectes Limosus --- snails --- endemic species --- invasive species --- random forest model --- multivariate analysis --- partial dependence analysis --- calcrete aquifer --- epikarst --- hyporheal --- hypotelminorheal --- stygobiont --- bioassessment --- temporal trend --- altitude --- climate --- insects --- grain-size --- sediment --- macroinvertebrates --- ecological status --- multimetric indices --- coevolution --- epizoosis --- grazing --- periphyton --- scrapers --- indices and metrics --- sediment quality --- St. Lawrence River --- highly humic lakes --- ecological status assessment --- saprobic index --- general degradation index