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England and Wales -- Parliament -- House of Commons -- Bill for appointing and enabling commissioners to take, examine, and state the publick accounts of the kingdom --- Finance, Public -- Accounting -- Law and legislation -- Great Britain -- Early works to 1800 --- Finance, Public -- Great Britain -- History -- 1688-1815

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This paper is a policy review of the role of investment climate in post-conflict situations. It summarizes the broad range of ways in which conflict negatively affects the investment climate, from macroeconomic instability to a degraded regulatory framework. It stresses that attention needs to be paid to the broader "enabling environment," including institutions, governance, capacity, and social capital. It suggests that a vibrant private sector underpinned by a good investment climate is particularly important in the post-conflict recovery phase for three reasons: it generates employment, provides public services where the state has retrenched, and builds social capital. By addressing these important "greed and grievance" factors, the private sector helps reduce the likelihood of a return to conflict. The paper concludes by distilling key lessons relating to the management of the post-conflict reform process. Despite the importance of a good investment climate, greater effort is needed to ensure that private sector development reforms are included in the first round of post-conflict policymaking. Local ownership of reforms and enhanced local capacity to implement them is key to sustainable improvements in the investment climate. Development partners have an important role to play in facilitating dialogue and promoting partnerships between public and private sector stakeholders. At the same time, development partners need to ensure that their presence in fragile post-conflict economies does not damage the very sector they are trying to support.

Bank Policy --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Capacity Enhancement --- Conflict and Development --- Contract --- Contract Enforcement --- Debt Markets --- E-Business --- Emerging Markets --- Enabling Environment --- Exchange --- Finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Good --- International Economics & Trade --- Investment --- Investment Climate --- Labor Markets --- Local Capacity --- Macroeconomic Instability --- Macroeconomic Stability --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Physical Security --- Political Economy --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Private Sector Development --- Property --- Property Rights --- Regulatory Framework --- Return --- Security --- Social Capital --- Social Conflict and Violence --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Trade and Regional Integration

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This book, entitled “Gamification and Advanced Technology to Enhance Motivation in Education”, contains an editorial and a collection of ten research articles that highlight the use of gamification and other advanced technologies as powerful tools for motivation during learning. Motivation is the driving force behind many human activities, especially learning. Motivated students are ready to make a significant mental effort and use deeper and more effective learning strategies. Numerous studies indicate that playing promotes learning, since when fun pervades the learning process, motivation increases and tension is reduced. Therefore, games can be very powerful tools in the improvement of learning processes from three different and complementary perspectives: as tools for teaching content or skills, as an object of the learning project itself and as a philosophy to be taken into account when designing the training process. Each contributions presented in this book falls into one of these categories; that is to say, they all deal with the use of games or related technologies, and they all study how playing enhances motivation in education.

Information technology industries --- gamification --- active methodologies --- secondary education --- evaluation rubric --- evaluation criteria --- Thomas W. Malone --- game --- design --- Sebastian Deterding --- Nick Pelling --- learning by doing --- serious games --- game design --- human computer-interaction --- HCI education --- entrepreneurship education --- FLIGBY --- Flow --- positive psychology --- higher education --- MOOC --- fun --- social networks --- virtual learning communities --- video games --- collaborative learning --- education --- teacher --- attitudes --- primary education --- technology --- ICT --- Likert scale --- game elements --- online learning --- MOOCs --- empirical studies --- systematic literature review --- university --- serious video games --- game-based learning --- professors --- video games design --- knowledge --- skills training --- digital technologies --- automated learning --- serious game --- usability --- game engagement --- virtual reality --- rubric --- capability approach --- capacity building --- enabling tools --- mental images --- motivation

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The book Smart Cities and Positive Energy Districts: Urban Perspectives in 2020 is the second book published by MDPI on the topic. It highlights the most recent internationally/nationally funded projects on Smart Cities and Positive Energy Districts, providing readers with an overview of the most recent and effective solutions to support the transition of urban areas towards climate neutrality as well as inspiring solutions not only for researchers but for local governments who seek to transform urban areas into sustainable places.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- building dynamics --- occupants' comfort --- energy efficiency --- information and communication technologies --- COVID-19 scenario --- human interaction --- Positive Energy District --- smart districts --- building performance simulation --- sustainable large-scale renovation model --- Driving Urban Transition --- Renovation Wave --- neighbourhoods --- positive energy districts --- sustainable urban areas --- energy production --- energy flexibility --- economic costs --- indoor environmental quality --- social performance --- Positive Energy Districts --- urban typology --- energy modelling --- energy and climate goals --- sustainable urban development --- energy sufficiency --- deep energy retrofit --- building thermal mass --- positive energy district --- yearly energy balance --- seasonal energy balance --- residential buildings --- district heating --- renewable energy resources --- PED boundary --- multi-criteria decision analyses --- geographic information systems --- GIS overlay analyses --- positive energy district (PED) --- enabling solution for PED transition --- energy efficiency in buildings and real estate --- building dynamics --- occupants' comfort --- energy efficiency --- information and communication technologies --- COVID-19 scenario --- human interaction --- Positive Energy District --- smart districts --- building performance simulation --- sustainable large-scale renovation model --- Driving Urban Transition --- Renovation Wave --- neighbourhoods --- positive energy districts --- sustainable urban areas --- energy production --- energy flexibility --- economic costs --- indoor environmental quality --- social performance --- Positive Energy Districts --- urban typology --- energy modelling --- energy and climate goals --- sustainable urban development --- energy sufficiency --- deep energy retrofit --- building thermal mass --- positive energy district --- yearly energy balance --- seasonal energy balance --- residential buildings --- district heating --- renewable energy resources --- PED boundary --- multi-criteria decision analyses --- geographic information systems --- GIS overlay analyses --- positive energy district (PED) --- enabling solution for PED transition --- energy efficiency in buildings and real estate

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Cognitive psychology --- Theory of knowledge --- Causation --- Symmetry --- Time perception --- Causalité --- Symétrie --- Perception du temps --- Psychological aspects --- Aspect psychologique --- -Time perception --- Chronometry, Mental --- Duration, Intuition of --- Intuition of duration --- Mental chronometry --- Time --- Time, Cognition of --- Time estimation --- Orientation (Psychology) --- Perception --- Aesthetics --- Proportion --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Time perception. --- Causation. --- Form Perception --- Time Perception --- Cognition --- Memory --- Epidemiologic Factors --- Mental Processes --- Learning --- Space Perception --- Quality of Health Care --- Visual Perception --- Public Health --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care --- Psychology --- Social Sciences --- Psychological aspects. --- Causalité --- Symétrie --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Perception, Visual --- Perceptions, Visual --- Visual Perceptions --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Memory Training --- Phenomenography --- Training, Memory --- Human Information Processing --- Information Processing, Human --- Determinant, Epidemiologic --- Determinants, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinant --- Epidemiologic Factor --- Factor, Epidemiologic --- Factors, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinants --- Perceptions --- Cognitive Function --- Cognitions --- Cognitive Functions --- Function, Cognitive --- Functions, Cognitive --- Perception, Time --- Perceptions, Time --- Time Perceptions --- Contour Perception --- Contour Perceptions --- Form Perceptions --- Perception, Contour --- Perception, Form --- Perceptions, Contour --- Perceptions, Form --- Enabling Factors --- Multifactorial Causality --- Multiple Causation --- Predisposing Factors --- Reinforcing Factors --- Causalities --- Causalities, Multifactorial --- Causality, Multifactorial --- Causation, Multiple --- Causations --- Causations, Multiple --- Enabling Factor --- Factor, Enabling --- Factor, Predisposing --- Factor, Reinforcing --- Factors, Enabling --- Factors, Predisposing --- Factors, Reinforcing --- Multifactorial Causalities --- Multiple Causations --- Predisposing Factor --- Reinforcing Factor --- Perception, Space --- Perceptions, Space --- Space Perceptions --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Vision, Ocular --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Memory Consolidation --- Education --- Sensation --- Executive Function --- Contrast Sensitivity --- Spatial Learning --- Visual Processing --- Processing, Visual --- Sensory Processing --- Processing, Sensory --- Temporal Perception --- Temporal Processing --- Time Processing --- Perception, Temporal --- Processing, Temporal --- Processing, Time --- Mediation Analysis --- Psychological Phenomena --- Psychiatry --- Symmetry. --- Causality. --- Form Perception. --- Time Perception. --- Cognition. --- Memory. --- Perception. --- Epidemiologic Factors. --- Mental Processes. --- Learning. --- Space Perception. --- Quality of Health Care. --- Visual Perception. --- Public Health. --- Psychological Phenomena. --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation. --- Psychiatry. --- Environment and Public Health. --- Delivery of Health Care.