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Renewable energies have been growing worldwide in the recent years to avoid environmental degradation. Among the renewable sources, solar energy is regarded as the most promising candidate and is expected to be the foundation of a sustainable energy economy, as sunlight is the most abundant resource. Recently, standalone building integrated photovoltaic systems (SBIPVs) have risen as a solution to reduce the electrical needs of buildings, in which photovoltaic cells are integrated into the construction envelope. The need for further integration between photovoltaic systems and batteries is of paramount importance, requiring an improvement in the energy conversion paradigm. The development of a three-port bidirectional converter for SBIPVs is the main focus of this project. A review of currently in research topologies is done, selecting the most suitable for the application. A theoretical analysis of the selected topology is performed, with a validation of the computations present in the reference paper. A simulation of the converter circuit is designed to assess its different characteristics and operating range. A design procedure is followed with a choice of the different parameters that will define the converter in order to meet the requirements of the application in hand, with a theoretical and simulation analysis process. A prototype of the designed converter is finally done to experimentally validate its functionality through a testing phase.
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Ce travail de fin d'études réalise une preuve de concept de la possibilité d'implémenter un algorithme du tracking de la puissance maximale du panneau solaire sur un convertisseur existant commercialisé par CE+T Power.
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Nowadays, power electronics is an enabling technology in the energy development scenario. Furthermore, power electronics is strictly linked with several fields of technological growth, such as consumer electronics, IT and communications, electrical networks, utilities, industrial drives and robotics, and transportation and automotive sectors. Moreover, the widespread use of power electronics enables cost savings and minimization of losses in several technology applications required for sustainable economic growth. The topologies of DC–DC power converters and switching converters are under continuous development and deserve special attention to highlight the advantages and disadvantages for use increasingly oriented towards green and sustainable development. DC–DC converter topologies are developed in consideration of higher efficiency, reliable control switching strategies, and fault-tolerant configurations. Several types of switching converter topologies are involved in isolated DC–DC converter and nonisolated DC–DC converter solutions operating in hard-switching and soft-switching conditions. Switching converters have applications in a broad range of areas in both low and high power densities. The articles presented in the Special Issue titled "Advanced DC-DC Power Converters and Switching Converters" consolidate the work on the investigation of the switching converter topology considering the technological advances offered by innovative wide-bandgap devices and performance optimization methods in control strategies used.
History of engineering & technology --- interleaved operation --- three-winding coupled inductor --- high step-up DC–DC converter --- DC/DC converter --- multi-input-port --- bidirectional --- energy storage --- three-phase bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter --- burst-mode switching --- high-frequency transformer configurations --- phase-shift modulation --- intermittent switching --- three-phase dual-active bridge --- bidirectional converter --- high efficiency --- GaN --- SiC --- buck-boost converter --- high switching frequency --- electric vehicle (EV) --- fast charging --- interleaved dc–dc converter --- SiC devices --- Si devices --- Component Connection Method --- power electronics-based systems --- stability analysis --- state-space methods --- virtual synchronous generators --- DC-DC converters --- photovoltaics --- single-diode model --- state-space --- multi-port dual-active bridge (DAB) converter --- wide-band-gap (WBG) semiconductors --- silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs --- power converter --- automotive --- battery charger --- circuit modelling --- power electronics --- SiC MOSFET
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Nowadays, power electronics is an enabling technology in the energy development scenario. Furthermore, power electronics is strictly linked with several fields of technological growth, such as consumer electronics, IT and communications, electrical networks, utilities, industrial drives and robotics, and transportation and automotive sectors. Moreover, the widespread use of power electronics enables cost savings and minimization of losses in several technology applications required for sustainable economic growth. The topologies of DC–DC power converters and switching converters are under continuous development and deserve special attention to highlight the advantages and disadvantages for use increasingly oriented towards green and sustainable development. DC–DC converter topologies are developed in consideration of higher efficiency, reliable control switching strategies, and fault-tolerant configurations. Several types of switching converter topologies are involved in isolated DC–DC converter and nonisolated DC–DC converter solutions operating in hard-switching and soft-switching conditions. Switching converters have applications in a broad range of areas in both low and high power densities. The articles presented in the Special Issue titled "Advanced DC-DC Power Converters and Switching Converters" consolidate the work on the investigation of the switching converter topology considering the technological advances offered by innovative wide-bandgap devices and performance optimization methods in control strategies used.
interleaved operation --- three-winding coupled inductor --- high step-up DC–DC converter --- DC/DC converter --- multi-input-port --- bidirectional --- energy storage --- three-phase bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter --- burst-mode switching --- high-frequency transformer configurations --- phase-shift modulation --- intermittent switching --- three-phase dual-active bridge --- bidirectional converter --- high efficiency --- GaN --- SiC --- buck-boost converter --- high switching frequency --- electric vehicle (EV) --- fast charging --- interleaved dc–dc converter --- SiC devices --- Si devices --- Component Connection Method --- power electronics-based systems --- stability analysis --- state-space methods --- virtual synchronous generators --- DC-DC converters --- photovoltaics --- single-diode model --- state-space --- multi-port dual-active bridge (DAB) converter --- wide-band-gap (WBG) semiconductors --- silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs --- power converter --- automotive --- battery charger --- circuit modelling --- power electronics --- SiC MOSFET
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Renewable energies are becoming a must to counteract the consequences of the global warming. More efficient devices and better control strategies are required in the generation, transport, and conversion of electricity. Energy is processed by power converters that are currently the key building blocks in modern power distribution systems. The associated electrical architecture is based on buses for energy distribution and uses a great number of converters for interfacing both input and output energy. This book shows that sliding-mode control is contributing to improve the performances of power converters by means of accurate theoretical analyses that result in efficient implementations. The sliding-mode control of power converters for renewable energy applications offers a panoramic view of the most recent uses of this regulation technique in practical cases. By presenting examples that range from dozens of kilowatts to only a few watts, the book covers control solutions for AC–DC and DC–AC generation, power factor correction, multilevel converters, constant-power load supply, wind energy systems, efficient lighting, digital control implementation, multiphase converters, and energy harvesting. The selected examples developed by recognized specialists are illustrated by means of detailed simulations and experiments to help the reader to understand the theoretical approach in each case considered in the book.
History of engineering & technology --- output regulation --- state feedback --- sliding mode control --- DC-DC power converter --- DC-DC converters --- boost converter --- constant power load (CPL) --- fixed switching frequency --- sliding-mode control --- inrush current mitigation --- Induction Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamps (IEFL) --- High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID) --- loss-free resistor (LFR) --- two-loop digital control --- buck converter --- input-output linearization --- PWM --- sliding mode --- DC-DC converter --- multiphase converter --- disturbance observer --- electric vehicles --- power-hardware-in-the-loop --- renewable energy systems --- fast dynamic response --- wind energy conversion system --- series-series-compensated wireless power transfer system --- energy harvesting --- isolated SEPIC converter --- high power factor rectifier --- isolated PFC rectifier --- bridgeless rectifier --- DC distribution bus --- microinverter --- sliding mode control (SMC), self-oscillating system --- two cascaded-boosts converters --- decision making --- design concept --- doubly-fed induction generator --- grid-side converter --- harmonic distortion --- multi-objective optimisation --- second-order sliding-mode control --- tuning --- unbalanced voltage --- wind power generation --- harvesting --- inductive transducer --- loss free resistor --- dc-to-dc converter --- DFIG --- adaptive-gain second-order sliding mode --- direct power control --- balanced and unbalanced grid voltage --- Lyapunov-based filter design --- constant power load --- Sliding Mode controlled power module --- zero dynamics stability --- modular multilevel converter --- Lyapunov stability --- dual boost inverter --- step-up inverter --- grid connection --- sliding mode control (SMC) --- power converter --- continuous signal generator --- equivalent control --- AC-DC power converter --- wind energy --- control --- dual-stator winding induction generator --- second order sliding mode --- output regulation --- state feedback --- sliding mode control --- DC-DC power converter --- DC-DC converters --- boost converter --- constant power load (CPL) --- fixed switching frequency --- sliding-mode control --- inrush current mitigation --- Induction Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamps (IEFL) --- High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID) --- loss-free resistor (LFR) --- two-loop digital control --- buck converter --- input-output linearization --- PWM --- sliding mode --- DC-DC converter --- multiphase converter --- disturbance observer --- electric vehicles --- power-hardware-in-the-loop --- renewable energy systems --- fast dynamic response --- wind energy conversion system --- series-series-compensated wireless power transfer system --- energy harvesting --- isolated SEPIC converter --- high power factor rectifier --- isolated PFC rectifier --- bridgeless rectifier --- DC distribution bus --- microinverter --- sliding mode control (SMC), self-oscillating system --- two cascaded-boosts converters --- decision making --- design concept --- doubly-fed induction generator --- grid-side converter --- harmonic distortion --- multi-objective optimisation --- second-order sliding-mode control --- tuning --- unbalanced voltage --- wind power generation --- harvesting --- inductive transducer --- loss free resistor --- dc-to-dc converter --- DFIG --- adaptive-gain second-order sliding mode --- direct power control --- balanced and unbalanced grid voltage --- Lyapunov-based filter design --- constant power load --- Sliding Mode controlled power module --- zero dynamics stability --- modular multilevel converter --- Lyapunov stability --- dual boost inverter --- step-up inverter --- grid connection --- sliding mode control (SMC) --- power converter --- continuous signal generator --- equivalent control --- AC-DC power converter --- wind energy --- control --- dual-stator winding induction generator --- second order sliding mode
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The Special Issue "Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems" focuses on: - new strategies of control for electric machines, including sensorless control and fault diagnosis; - existing and emerging industrial applications of GaN and SiC-based converters; - modern methods for electromagnetic compatibility. The book covers topics such as control systems, fault diagnosis, converters, inverters, and electromagnetic interference in power electronics systems. The Special Issue includes 19 scientific papers by industry experts and worldwide professors in the area of electrical engineering.
Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) --- direct torque control (DTC) --- full-order observer --- sensorless --- six-phase induction motor (6PIM) --- stator resistance estimator --- average air gap length --- dc-dc power converters --- gapped magnetic core --- magnetic permeability --- magnetizing inductance --- medium frequency transformer --- systems control --- electromagnetic compatibility --- conducted interference --- DC-DC power converters --- FPGA --- random modulation --- bidirectional converter --- multilevel converter --- resonant converter --- SiC MOSFET --- high-voltage converter --- switched capacitor converter --- extended Kalman filter (EKF) --- permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) --- fault diagnosis (FD) --- stator inter-turn short circuit --- conducted electromagnetic interference --- aggregated electromagnetic interference --- power electronic interfaces --- frequency beat --- modular --- voltage source inverter (VSI) --- multipulse --- 12-pulse --- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) --- pulse width modulation (PWM) --- three-level --- coupled reactors --- wireless power transfer --- inductive power transmission --- AC-DC power converters --- T-type inverter --- GaN-transistors --- electromagnetic coupling --- EV battery --- electric vehicles --- fast battery charging --- local transport --- DC micro grid --- drive voltage frequency converter --- big power DC/DC converter --- interior permanent magnet motors --- maximum torque per ampere --- sensorless control --- adaptive control --- resonant inverter --- dielectric barrier discharge --- nonthermal plasma --- treatment of plastic surface --- decontamination of organic loose products --- silicon carbide --- dual active bridge dc-dc converter --- power electronic traction transformer --- 3 kV DC railway traction --- electric multiple unit --- DC-DC converter --- high-voltage-gain converter --- switched-capacitor converter --- inductiveless converter --- series active power filters --- multipulse converters --- power conditioning --- power quality --- power distribution --- reverse power flow --- compensation for nonactive current --- voltage regulation --- UPQC --- boost converters --- DC–DC power converters --- GaN switch --- resonant power conversion --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) --- selective harmonics elimination PWM (SHEPWM) --- square-type matrix converters --- pulse width modulation --- multiphase systems --- matrix converter --- multipulse voltage converter --- nearest voltage modulation --- pulse width regulation --- low-switching modulation technique --- multipulse matrix converter with coupled reactors --- active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) --- direct torque control (DTC) --- full-order observer --- sensorless --- six-phase induction motor (6PIM) --- stator resistance estimator --- average air gap length --- dc-dc power converters --- gapped magnetic core --- magnetic permeability --- magnetizing inductance --- medium frequency transformer --- systems control --- electromagnetic compatibility --- conducted interference --- DC-DC power converters --- FPGA --- random modulation --- bidirectional converter --- multilevel converter --- resonant converter --- SiC MOSFET --- high-voltage converter --- switched capacitor converter --- extended Kalman filter (EKF) --- permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) --- fault diagnosis (FD) --- stator inter-turn short circuit --- conducted electromagnetic interference --- aggregated electromagnetic interference --- power electronic interfaces --- frequency beat --- modular --- voltage source inverter (VSI) --- multipulse --- 12-pulse --- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) --- pulse width modulation (PWM) --- three-level --- coupled reactors --- wireless power transfer --- inductive power transmission --- AC-DC power converters --- T-type inverter --- GaN-transistors --- electromagnetic coupling --- EV battery --- electric vehicles --- fast battery charging --- local transport --- DC micro grid --- drive voltage frequency converter --- big power DC/DC converter --- interior permanent magnet motors --- maximum torque per ampere --- sensorless control --- adaptive control --- resonant inverter --- dielectric barrier discharge --- nonthermal plasma --- treatment of plastic surface --- decontamination of organic loose products --- silicon carbide --- dual active bridge dc-dc converter --- power electronic traction transformer --- 3 kV DC railway traction --- electric multiple unit --- DC-DC converter --- high-voltage-gain converter --- switched-capacitor converter --- inductiveless converter --- series active power filters --- multipulse converters --- power conditioning --- power quality --- power distribution --- reverse power flow --- compensation for nonactive current --- voltage regulation --- UPQC --- boost converters --- DC–DC power converters --- GaN switch --- resonant power conversion --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) --- selective harmonics elimination PWM (SHEPWM) --- square-type matrix converters --- pulse width modulation --- multiphase systems --- matrix converter --- multipulse voltage converter --- nearest voltage modulation --- pulse width regulation --- low-switching modulation technique --- multipulse matrix converter with coupled reactors
Choose an application
The Special Issue "Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems" focuses on: - new strategies of control for electric machines, including sensorless control and fault diagnosis; - existing and emerging industrial applications of GaN and SiC-based converters; - modern methods for electromagnetic compatibility. The book covers topics such as control systems, fault diagnosis, converters, inverters, and electromagnetic interference in power electronics systems. The Special Issue includes 19 scientific papers by industry experts and worldwide professors in the area of electrical engineering.
Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) --- direct torque control (DTC) --- full-order observer --- sensorless --- six-phase induction motor (6PIM) --- stator resistance estimator --- average air gap length --- dc-dc power converters --- gapped magnetic core --- magnetic permeability --- magnetizing inductance --- medium frequency transformer --- systems control --- electromagnetic compatibility --- conducted interference --- DC-DC power converters --- FPGA --- random modulation --- bidirectional converter --- multilevel converter --- resonant converter --- SiC MOSFET --- high-voltage converter --- switched capacitor converter --- extended Kalman filter (EKF) --- permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) --- fault diagnosis (FD) --- stator inter-turn short circuit --- conducted electromagnetic interference --- aggregated electromagnetic interference --- power electronic interfaces --- frequency beat --- modular --- voltage source inverter (VSI) --- multipulse --- 12-pulse --- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) --- pulse width modulation (PWM) --- three-level --- coupled reactors --- wireless power transfer --- inductive power transmission --- AC-DC power converters --- T-type inverter --- GaN-transistors --- electromagnetic coupling --- EV battery --- electric vehicles --- fast battery charging --- local transport --- DC micro grid --- drive voltage frequency converter --- big power DC/DC converter --- interior permanent magnet motors --- maximum torque per ampere --- sensorless control --- adaptive control --- resonant inverter --- dielectric barrier discharge --- nonthermal plasma --- treatment of plastic surface --- decontamination of organic loose products --- silicon carbide --- dual active bridge dc-dc converter --- power electronic traction transformer --- 3 kV DC railway traction --- electric multiple unit --- DC-DC converter --- high-voltage-gain converter --- switched-capacitor converter --- inductiveless converter --- series active power filters --- multipulse converters --- power conditioning --- power quality --- power distribution --- reverse power flow --- compensation for nonactive current --- voltage regulation --- UPQC --- boost converters --- DC–DC power converters --- GaN switch --- resonant power conversion --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) --- selective harmonics elimination PWM (SHEPWM) --- square-type matrix converters --- pulse width modulation --- multiphase systems --- matrix converter --- multipulse voltage converter --- nearest voltage modulation --- pulse width regulation --- low-switching modulation technique --- multipulse matrix converter with coupled reactors
Choose an application
The Special Issue "Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems" focuses on: - new strategies of control for electric machines, including sensorless control and fault diagnosis; - existing and emerging industrial applications of GaN and SiC-based converters; - modern methods for electromagnetic compatibility. The book covers topics such as control systems, fault diagnosis, converters, inverters, and electromagnetic interference in power electronics systems. The Special Issue includes 19 scientific papers by industry experts and worldwide professors in the area of electrical engineering.
active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) --- direct torque control (DTC) --- full-order observer --- sensorless --- six-phase induction motor (6PIM) --- stator resistance estimator --- average air gap length --- dc-dc power converters --- gapped magnetic core --- magnetic permeability --- magnetizing inductance --- medium frequency transformer --- systems control --- electromagnetic compatibility --- conducted interference --- DC-DC power converters --- FPGA --- random modulation --- bidirectional converter --- multilevel converter --- resonant converter --- SiC MOSFET --- high-voltage converter --- switched capacitor converter --- extended Kalman filter (EKF) --- permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) --- fault diagnosis (FD) --- stator inter-turn short circuit --- conducted electromagnetic interference --- aggregated electromagnetic interference --- power electronic interfaces --- frequency beat --- modular --- voltage source inverter (VSI) --- multipulse --- 12-pulse --- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) --- pulse width modulation (PWM) --- three-level --- coupled reactors --- wireless power transfer --- inductive power transmission --- AC-DC power converters --- T-type inverter --- GaN-transistors --- electromagnetic coupling --- EV battery --- electric vehicles --- fast battery charging --- local transport --- DC micro grid --- drive voltage frequency converter --- big power DC/DC converter --- interior permanent magnet motors --- maximum torque per ampere --- sensorless control --- adaptive control --- resonant inverter --- dielectric barrier discharge --- nonthermal plasma --- treatment of plastic surface --- decontamination of organic loose products --- silicon carbide --- dual active bridge dc-dc converter --- power electronic traction transformer --- 3 kV DC railway traction --- electric multiple unit --- DC-DC converter --- high-voltage-gain converter --- switched-capacitor converter --- inductiveless converter --- series active power filters --- multipulse converters --- power conditioning --- power quality --- power distribution --- reverse power flow --- compensation for nonactive current --- voltage regulation --- UPQC --- boost converters --- DC–DC power converters --- GaN switch --- resonant power conversion --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) --- selective harmonics elimination PWM (SHEPWM) --- square-type matrix converters --- pulse width modulation --- multiphase systems --- matrix converter --- multipulse voltage converter --- nearest voltage modulation --- pulse width regulation --- low-switching modulation technique --- multipulse matrix converter with coupled reactors
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In this book, nine papers focusing on different fields of power electronics are gathered, all of which are in line with the present trends in research and industry. Given the generality of the Special Issue, the covered topics range from electrothermal models and losses models in semiconductors and magnetics to converters used in high-power applications. In this last case, the papers address specific problems such as the distortion due to zero-current detection or fault investigation using the fast Fourier transform, all being focused on analyzing the topologies of high-power high-density applications, such as the dual active bridge or the H-bridge multilevel inverter. All the papers provide enough insight in the analyzed issues to be used as the starting point of any research. Experimental or simulation results are presented to validate and help with the understanding of the proposed ideas. To summarize, this book will help the reader to solve specific problems in industrial equipment or to increase their knowledge in specific fields.
soft-switching --- Superjunction MOSFET --- LLC resonant converter --- zero voltage switching --- COSS hysteresis --- COSS intrinsic energy losses --- SiC devices --- antiparallel diode --- dual active bridge --- power electronic transformer --- high-frequency transformer --- Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) --- fault diagnosis --- Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) --- Multilevel Inverter (MLI) --- LabVIEW --- magnetics modeling --- variable inductor --- hysteresis --- eddy currents --- saturable core --- AC/AC conversion --- decoupling control --- modulation --- DC–DC converter --- phase shift PWM --- ZVS --- inrush current --- MOSFET --- telecom server --- modular multilevel converter (MMC) --- total harmonic distortion (THD) --- universal mathematical model (UMM) --- switching state --- nearest level modulation (NLM) --- DC-DC converter --- IGBT --- averaged model --- electrothermal model --- SPICE --- power electronics --- converter control --- power factor correction --- total harmonic distortion --- flyback --- solid-state lighting
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Renewable energies are becoming a must to counteract the consequences of the global warming. More efficient devices and better control strategies are required in the generation, transport, and conversion of electricity. Energy is processed by power converters that are currently the key building blocks in modern power distribution systems. The associated electrical architecture is based on buses for energy distribution and uses a great number of converters for interfacing both input and output energy. This book shows that sliding-mode control is contributing to improve the performances of power converters by means of accurate theoretical analyses that result in efficient implementations. The sliding-mode control of power converters for renewable energy applications offers a panoramic view of the most recent uses of this regulation technique in practical cases. By presenting examples that range from dozens of kilowatts to only a few watts, the book covers control solutions for AC–DC and DC–AC generation, power factor correction, multilevel converters, constant-power load supply, wind energy systems, efficient lighting, digital control implementation, multiphase converters, and energy harvesting. The selected examples developed by recognized specialists are illustrated by means of detailed simulations and experiments to help the reader to understand the theoretical approach in each case considered in the book.
History of engineering & technology --- output regulation --- state feedback --- sliding mode control --- DC-DC power converter --- DC-DC converters --- boost converter --- constant power load (CPL) --- fixed switching frequency --- sliding-mode control --- inrush current mitigation --- Induction Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamps (IEFL) --- High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID) --- loss-free resistor (LFR) --- two-loop digital control --- buck converter --- input-output linearization --- PWM --- sliding mode --- DC-DC converter --- multiphase converter --- disturbance observer --- electric vehicles --- power-hardware-in-the-loop --- renewable energy systems --- fast dynamic response --- wind energy conversion system --- series-series-compensated wireless power transfer system --- energy harvesting --- isolated SEPIC converter --- high power factor rectifier --- isolated PFC rectifier --- bridgeless rectifier --- DC distribution bus --- microinverter --- sliding mode control (SMC), self-oscillating system --- two cascaded-boosts converters --- decision making --- design concept --- doubly-fed induction generator --- grid-side converter --- harmonic distortion --- multi-objective optimisation --- second-order sliding-mode control --- tuning --- unbalanced voltage --- wind power generation --- harvesting --- inductive transducer --- loss free resistor --- dc-to-dc converter --- DFIG --- adaptive-gain second-order sliding mode --- direct power control --- balanced and unbalanced grid voltage --- Lyapunov-based filter design --- constant power load --- Sliding Mode controlled power module --- zero dynamics stability --- modular multilevel converter --- Lyapunov stability --- dual boost inverter --- step-up inverter --- grid connection --- sliding mode control (SMC) --- power converter --- continuous signal generator --- equivalent control --- AC-DC power converter --- wind energy --- control --- dual-stator winding induction generator --- second order sliding mode