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Beta lactam antibiotics --- Peptide antibiotics --- Bêta-lactamines --- Antibiotiques peptidiques --- Synthesis --- Biotechnology --- Synthèse --- Biotechnologie

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Antibiotic Resistance: Origins, Evolution, Selection and Spread Chairman: Stuart B. Levy 1997 Over the last 50 years, the rapid increase in the use of antibiotics, not only in people, but also in animal husbandry and agriculture, has delivered a selection unprecedented in the history of evolution. Consequently, society is facing one of its gravest public health problems-the emergence of infectious bacteria with resistance to many, and in some cases all, available antibiotics. This book brings together a multidisciplinary group of experts to discuss this problem. It begins by examining the origins of resistance and goes on to look at how the use of antibiotics in human medicine and farming/agriculture has selected for resistant bacteria. Separate chapters describe the evolution of resistance determinants and how these are spread both within and between bacterial species. Finally, the book contains discussions on strategies for countering the threat of antibiotic resistance. A major re-thinking of our approach to the treatment of infectious diseases is proposed-that antibiotic resistance should be seen as a problem created by the disruption of normal microbial ecology. To restore efficacy to earlier antibiotics, and to maintain the success of new antibiotics that are introduced, we need to use these drugs in a way that ensures an ecological balance that favours the predominance of susceptible bacteria.

Drug resistance in microorganisms --- Antibiotics --- Drug Resistance, Microbial --- Congresses. --- pharmacology --- congresses. --- DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL --- ANTIBIOTICS --- DRUG RESIDUES --- BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE --- TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE --- ERYTHROMYCIN --- EPIDEMIOLOGY

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Drug Resistance, Bacterial --- Essays --- Drug resistance in microorganisms --- Bactéries pathogènes --- Résistance aux médicaments --- Drug Resistance, Bacterial. --- Bacteriology --- Medical bacteriology --- Antibiotics --- Physiological effect --- Beta lactam antibiotics

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Bacterial cell walls --- Beta lactam antibiotics --- Antibiotics, Lactam --- Bacteria --- Cell Membrane --- Cell Wall --- Penicillins --- Protein Binding --- Bactéries --- Bêta-lactamines --- Congresses --- Synthesis --- Inhibitors --- Physiological effect --- pharmacology --- congresses --- cytology --- physiology --- drug effects --- metabolism --- Paroi cellulaire --- Congrès --- Synthèse --- Inhibiteurs --- Effets physiologiques --- Celbiologie --- Immunologie --- Celbiologie. --- Immunologie. --- Bactéries --- Bêta-lactamines --- Congrès --- Synthèse --- congresses. --- Antibiotics, lactam --- Cell wall (microbial)

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Medicinal plants have been used for the maintenance of human health since ancient times, in the form of food, spices, and traditional medicines. Medicinal plant-based traditional medicines serve as the primary healthcare systems in various countries even in recent times. Alongside this, medicinal plants have also served as the one of the main sources for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. At present, various plant extracts and their isolated phytochemicals are screened and evaluated for their diverse pharmacological activities related to both communicable and non-communicable diseases. However, comparatively little focus is given to the detailed mechanism of action of these agents on the molecular level. Molecular mechanism-based studies are essential for the development of evidence-based traditional medicines as well as for the development of isolated natural products as the lead candidates for novel drug discovery. This main focus of this Special Issue “Plant-based Bioactive Natural Products: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Action” is to cover the recent advances in science related to the molecular mechanisms of action of natural products. A total of nine articles were published in this Special Issue, including two original research articles and two review articles. This Special Issue has provided some new experimental data on bioactive natural products and their detailed mechanisms of action for biological activities. Similarly, review articles have provided state-of-the-art information on the related topics. I would like to thank all the authors for submitting their manuscripts and the reviewers and editors for their contribution to this Special Issue. Furthermore, I am also grateful to the handling editors and staffs of Applied Sciences for their support during the preparation and finalization of this Special Issue.

foodborne diseases --- giardiasis --- herbal drugs --- ethnobotany --- toxoplasmosis --- srophularia buergeriana --- cognitive impairment --- amyloid beta --- tau phosphorylation --- oxidative stress --- anti-apoptotic --- Terminalia chebula fruit --- osteoarthritis --- AyuFlex® --- cartilage collapse --- MMPs --- inflammation response --- vascular inflammation --- liensinine --- VSMC --- macrophage --- proliferation --- migration --- Nigella sativa --- methicillin-resistant --- Staphylococcus aureus --- synergism --- beta-lactam --- antibiotics --- artichoke by-products --- phenolic compounds --- HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS --- PLE --- GRAS --- Scrophularia buergeriana --- anti-amnesic effect --- cholinergic neurotransmission --- anti-oxidant --- anti-inflammation --- Vepris macropylla --- essential oil --- citral --- antiproliferative activity --- fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy --- human breast cancer cell line --- Vaccinium species --- phytochemicals --- berry --- leaf --- anti-inflammatory pathways --- endothelial dysfunction --- natural products --- bioactive compounds --- medicinal plants --- bioactivity --- mechanism of action --- traditional medicines