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This volume brings together 8 previously unpublished papers dealing with various modes of allocating jointly consumable goods (i.e. public goods). The issues covered range from voluntary contributions and price exclusion (market allocation) to positive and normative analyses of different political allocation procedures for public goods. Given this wide spectrum of allocative schemes for public goods there does not seem to be an easy and clear-cut message from modern public-goods theory to public allocation policy.

Public goods. --- Free rider problem (Economics) --- Free riding (Economics) --- Public goods problem (Economics) --- Economics --- Public goods --- Willingness to pay --- Goods, Public --- Finance, Public --- Welfare economics

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Generally speaking, this master thesis discusses the impacts of Fairtrade label at two scales. Firstly, even though the fact this certification has a worldwide impact is obvious, this impact has to be defined. Secondly, the consumers’ purchasing behaviour must be analysed as they are the last market players. Going through the current literature review, there is a real lack of research about the Fairtrade cocoa industry. This thesis is bridging the gap through theoretical models and an empirical work. 
Before going into details, the Fairtrade label and the cocoa market are screened to have a clear vision of the topic and the related factors. The implications of the certification are detailed and quantified, and the structure of the cocoa market is dissected. In short, the Fairtrade label fixes a price floor and a community development premium. It offers growers more stable and fair prices as well as better living conditions. Moreover, the environmental dimension is taken into account in the Fairtrade standards. The main point is the cocoa market suffers from skewed market power towards the higher link in the value chain, leaving growers with little bargaining power. 
Next, a theoretical model is developed, based on Heckscher and Ohlin’s theories. This part first presents a three-factor model studying the local impact of the introduction of such a label. Then, it moves to the global level with the model of Vanssay and Yanchus [2003]. 
Then, the concept of willingness to pay is defined and several approaches to estimate it are assessed. After a detailed comparison, the polychotomous choice approach will be selected to be used in the empirical part of this thesis. 
Finally, this master thesis identifies and quantifies some important factors impacting the consumers’ willingness to pay for Fairtrade plain chocolate bars. This analysis is based on data gathered through an online survey. The chosen methodology is the estimation of a Tobit model via a maximum likelihood estimation method. The statistically significant results provide us with several important findings. On this basis, Fairtrade organisations are recommended to take some actions to improve their attractiveness to potential consumers for their certified products, and particularly for chocolate. 
All in all, those results can have a great impact on the ability of Fairtrade organisations to help marginalised cocoa growers through consumers’ knowledge and confidence about Fairtrade standards.

Fairtrade --- International trade --- Willingness To Pay --- Impact --- Model --- Province of Liège --- Chocolate --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Economie internationale --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Méthodes quantitatives en économie & gestion

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Prices --- -Commercial products --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Price theory --- Consumption (Economics) --- Cost --- Costs, Industrial --- Money --- Cost and standard of living --- Supply and demand --- Value --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- History --- History. --- -History --- Commercial products

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Prices --- History. --- Babylon (Extinct city) --- Commerce --- Commercial products --- Commodity prices --- Justum pretium --- Price theory --- Consumption (Economics) --- Cost --- Costs, Industrial --- Money --- Cost and standard of living --- Supply and demand --- Value --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- History --- Babylon (Ancient city) --- Iraq --- Antiquities

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Introduction: In Cameroon, Malaria is the leading cause of death and morbidity in children under 5years of age and in pregnant women. It also represents 40% of household health expenditure in this country. To prevent malaria, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends, among other measures, the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, indoor insecticide sprays and chemoprevention. However, the effectiveness of these preventive measures remains limited. It is for this reason that, for several years now, research on possible malaria vaccine is being carried out by academics and pharmaceutical companies. An example is the renowned company glaxosmithkline (GSK) who came up with the RTS,S/ASO1 vaccine ("Mosquirix"). To date, the mosquirix vaccine is the only vaccine against malaria to have been validated by the European Medicines Agency. The WHO has authorized the implementation of a pilot study underway in 3 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana, Kenya and Malawi).
Aim: to determine the average maximum price that patients living in Cameroon would be willing to pay for this new vaccine and at the same time determine the factors influencing the prices offered.
Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, through a semi-open questionnaire in 5 hospitals in Cameroon (Dschang district hospital, protestant hospital of Mbouo in Bandjoun, Efoulan district hospital, CMA of Odza and Yaoundé military hospital). The study included all individuals aged 18 and over, who presented themselves for malaria-related counseling at one of the 5 above mentioned hospitals 
Results: we were able to obtain data from 1187 respondents aged between18 and 80 years. From these data, we noted that patients are willing to spend on average 1,34% of their income to benefit from this vaccine. This percentage corresponds to a maximum price of 1,850 Fcfa (2,84 euro). This price was significantly associated with respondents' income, having been consulted at least once for malaria within the 12 months preceding the survey and whether the respondent has at least 1 child under 5 years of age or not. Respondents had good knowledge of malaria but very limited knowledge of the vaccine.
Conclusion: the maximum price that cameroonian patients would be willing to pay for this RTS,S/ASO1 vaccine ("mosquirix") is 1850 Fcfa. Introduction : Le paludisme représente la première cause de mortalité et de morbidité chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans et chez les femmes enceintes au Cameroun. Il induit 40% des dépenses de santé des ménages dans ce pays. Afin de prévenir les cas de paludisme, l’OMS recommande, entre autres, l’utilisation de moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticide, la pulvérisation d’insecticide à l’intérieur des habitations et la chimio-prévention. Mais l’efficacité de ces moyens de prévention reste limitée. C’est dans ce contexte que, depuis plusieurs années des recherches sur la vaccination sont menées par des universitaires et des firmes pharmaceutiques. C’est le cas de GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) qui a mis sur pied le vaccin RTS,S/ASO1 (« Mosquirix »). Ce vaccin est le seul à ce jour contre le paludisme à avoir été validé par l’Agence Européenne des Médicaments et l’OMS a autorisé la réalisation d’une phase pilote en cours dans 3 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne (le Ghana, le Kenya et le Malawi). 
Objectif : Déterminer le prix moyen maximum que les patients vivant au Cameroun seraient prêts à payer pour ce nouveau vaccin et par la même occasion, déterminer les facteurs influençant les prix proposés. 
Matériels et méthode : Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale, au travers d’un questionnaire semi-ouvert dans 5 hôpitaux du Cameroun (hôpital de district de Dschang, hôpital protestant de Mbouo, Bandjoun, hôpital de district d'Efoulan, CMA d'Odza et hôpital militaire de Yaoundé). Ont été incluses dans l’étude toutes personnes âgées d’au moins 18 ans, venues en consultation pour des raisons liées au paludisme dans un des 5 hôpitaux.
Résultats : Nous avons pu obtenir des données de 1187 répondants âgés entre 18 et 80 ans. De ces données, il ressort le constat suivant : en vue de bénéficier d’un vaccin contre le paludisme, les patients sont prêts à dépenser en moyenne 1,34% de leurs revenus. Soit une somme maximale de l’ordre de 1850 Fcfa (2,84 Euro). Ce prix était significativement associé au revenu des patients, au fait d’avoir au moins 1 enfant de moins de 5 ans et au fait d’avoir été au moins 1 fois en consultation pour paludisme les 12 mois précédant l’enquête. Les répondants avaient une bonne connaissance sur le paludisme mais une connaissance très limitée en ce qui concerne le vaccin. 
Conclusion : le prix maximum que les patients camerounais serait prêt à payer pour ce vaccin RTS,S/ASO1 (« Mosquirix ») s’élève à 1850 FCFA.

willingness to pay --- malaria --- Vaccine --- cross-sectional study --- Cameroon --- Disponibilité à payer --- paludisme --- Vaccin --- étude transversale --- Cameroun --- Sciences de la santé humaine > Santé publique, services médicaux & soins de santé