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The fourth volume in the Amheida series, ''Ain el-Gedida: 2006-2008 Excavations of a Late Antique Site in Egypt's Western Desert' presents the systematic record and interpretation of the archaeological evidence from the excavations at 'Ain el-Gedida, a fourth-century rural settlement in Egypt's Dakleh Oasis uniquely important for the study of early Egyptian Christianity and previously known only from written sources.0Nicola Aravecchia (Washington University), the Deputy Field Director of NYU's Amheida Excavations, offers a history of the site and its excavations, followed by an integrated topographical and archaeological interpretation of the site and its significance for the history of Christianity in Egypt. In the second half of the volume a team of international experts presents catalogs and interpretations of the archaeological finds, including ceramics (Delphine Dixneuf, CRNS), coins (David M. Ratzan, NYU), ostraca and graffiti (Roger S. Bagnall, NYU and Dorota Dzierzbicka, University of Warsaw), small finds (Dorota Dzierzbicka, University of Warsaw), and zooarcheological remains (Pamela J. Crabtree, NYU and Douglas Campana).

Excavations (Archaeology) --- Western Desert (Egypt) --- Antiquities. --- Dakhla Oasis (Egypt) --- Architecture, Early Christian

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Excavations (Archaeology) --- Funeral rites and ceremonies --- Egypt --- Thebes (Egypt : Extinct city) --- Western Desert (Egypt) --- History --- Tombs. --- Antiquities.

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Excavations (Archaeology) --- Inscriptions, Egyptian --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Inscriptions égyptiennes --- Western Desert (Egypt) --- Occidental, Désert (Egypte) --- Antiquities --- Antiquités --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Inscriptions égyptiennes --- Occidental, Désert (Egypte) --- Antiquités --- Inscriptions, Egyptian - Egypt - Western Desert --- Western Desert (Egypt) - Antiquities --- Inscriptions hiéroglyphiques --- Désert occidental (Égypte) --- Égypte --- Antiquité

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Dès la plus haute Antiquité, les Égyptiens manifestèrent le besoin de contrôler les déserts. Les zones arides aux marges de la vallée du Nil furent gérées par des gouverneurs provinciaux depuis les débuts de l'Ancien Empire, et les principales oasis furent soumises à l'autorité de fonctionnaires envoyés en mission par le pouvoir central. Le processus de colonisation entraîna le développement de centres urbains et l'installation de nécropoles. Les vestiges de Balat, datés principalement de l'Ancien Empire, constituent l'exemple le plus significatif. En outre, les dernières découvertes dans le désert entre Égypte, Libye et Soudan révèlent la capacité des expéditions à rejoindre des territoires éloignés. L'administration des contrées désertiques comportait la supervision du réseau des pistes qui permettait de détourner les routes bordant le Nil. Selon les époques, elles furent utilisées pour contourner des territoires ennemis ou pour faciliter les relations politiques et commerciales avec la Nubie et l'Afrique centrale.

Egypt --- Western Desert (Egypt) --- Egypte --- Occidental, Désert (Egypte) --- Politics and government --- History --- Antiquities --- Politique et gouvernement --- Histoire --- Antiquités --- Occidental, Désert (Egypte) --- Antiquités

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The thesis presents the finds and features of a Pharaonic caravan route, only discovered in 1999, which leads from the Dakhla Oasis in Egypt deep into the Libyan Desert, and therefore brings this area into the focus of Egyptological research for the first time. Based on archaeological investigations carried out within the scope of the Collaborative Research Centre 389 ACACIA at Cologne, the finds and features are thoroughly analyzed (part I of the thesis), followed by studies on the practical use of the trail (part II), and on the possible purpose and historical significance of the caravan route (part III). As the main result it turned out that the so-called Abu Ballas Trail was an extremely difficult Pharaonic caravan route through the Libyan Desert that was used over many centuries, and repeatedly took a greater significance under very specific geopolitical circumstances. It appears to have served, at least temporarily from the late third millennium BC onwards, as a trade route in order to import luxury items ? such as incense, ivory, skins of exotic animals, valuable oils, and others ? from sub-Saharan regions first to Dakhla and then further on to the Egyptian Nile Valley, probably in cooperation with "Libyan" nomadic groups. The route therefore represents the earliest evidence of trans-Saharan trade currently known. Its existence proves that the known world of the ancient Egyptians did not end beyond the oases of the Western Desert.

Caravans --- Western Desert (Egypt) --- Ṣaḥraʼ al-Gharbiyah (Egypt) --- Libyan Desert --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- History. --- Antiquities. --- Archaeology --- Travel --- Vehicles --- History --- Fouilles archéologiques. --- Routes commerciales --- Deserts --- Abou Ballas (Égypte ; site archéologique) --- Dakhla (Égypte ; oasis) --- Égypte --- Egypt