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Utility theory --- Probabilities --- Risk --- Economics, Mathematical

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Housing --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Utility theory

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Matrices --- Utility theory --- Matrices --- Utilité (Economie politique)

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Basu and Ray use the collective model of the household and show, theoretically, that as the woman's power rises, child labor will initially fall, but beyond a point it will tend to rise again. A household with a balanced power structure between the husband and the wife is least likely to send its children to work. An empirical test of this relationship using data from Nepal strongly corroborates the theoretical hypothesis. This paper-a product of the Office of the Senior Vice President, Development Economics-is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand how gender affects development outcomes and to identify the causes of poverty. The authors may be contacted at kbasu@mit.edu or ranjan.ray@utas.edu.au.

Child labor. --- Utility theory --- Mathematical models.

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The Austrian theory of the "marginal use" is restated and extended. It is found that the Austrian concept of marginal utility (as derived from the marginal use) is not dependent on cardinal utility, and indeed is consistent with "intrinsically ordinal" utility. In this system, diminishing (ordinal) marginal utility is an implication of rational choice, rather than an assumption. Examples of the rank-ordering on commodity space, derived from the underlying rank ordering on want-set space in conjunction with the technological relationship between goods and wants, are given in the cases of independent, rival, and complementary goods. In each case the derived commodity preferences are quasi-concave, which suggests that the Hicksian assumption of quasi-concavity is superfluous. In each case, the Auspitz and Lieben-Edgeworth-Pareto criterion for net complementarity or rivalness emerges. It is shown that while a negative cross substitution elasticity is not a necessary condition for net complementarity, it is a sufficient condition under not very restrictive conditions.

Marginal utility. --- Utility theory --- Mathematical models.